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1
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Measurement and classification methods using the ASAE S572.1 reference nozzles

100%
Fritz B. K., Hoffmann W. C., Czaczyk Z., Bagley W., Kruger G., Henry R.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2012
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tom 52
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nr 4
An increasing number of spray nozzle and agrochemical manufacturers are incorporating droplet size measurements into both research and development. Each laboratory invariably has their own sampling setup and procedures. This is particularly true about measurement distance from the nozzle and concurrent airflow velocities. Both have been shown to significantly impact results from laser diffraction instruments. These differences can be overcome through the use of standardized reference nozzles and relative spray classification categories. Sets of references nozzles, which defined a set of classification category thresholds, were evaluated for droplet size under three concurrent air flow velocities (0.7, 3.1 and 6.7 m/s). There were significant, though numerically small, differences in the droplet size data between identical reference nozzles. The resulting droplet size data were used to categorize a number of additional spray nozzles at multiple pressure and air flow velocities. This was done to determine if similar classifications were given across the different airspeeds. Generally, droplet size classifications agreed for all airspeeds, with the few that did not, only differing by one category. When reporting droplet size data, it is critical that data generated from a set of reference nozzles also be presented as a means of providing a relative frame of reference.
2

Effect of liquid and air pressure on droplet size obtained in the pneumatic spraying nozzle

100%
Nowakowski T.
Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University. Agriculture
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2003
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nr 44 Agric.Eng.
11-16
3
Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik
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Droplet size classification of air induction flat fan nozzles

100%
Czaczyk Z., Kruger G., Hewitt A.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2012
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tom 52
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nr 4
Measurements were made of the droplet size for a series of air induction flat fan nozzles produced by Marian Mikołajczak Agro Technology (MMAT) and Coorstek. The MMAT nozzles, according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard sizes, are typical single jet (long body, 37 mm) with 025, 03, and 04 orifice sizes; (short body, 21 mm) with 02, 025, 03 and 04 orifice sizes; and twin jet (short body, 21 mm) with 03 and 04 orifice sizes. Ceramic air induction flat fan nozzles of the Albuz AVI series (Coorstek, France) with the orifice size 01, 02 and 03 were tested. The sprays were described using the following droplet size parameters: Dv10, Dv50, Dv90, relative span (RS), spray volume (%) in size fractions < 100 μm and 100÷200 μm. The sprays were also classified according to American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) standard S572.1 (ASAE 2009).
4
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Model based decision support system of operating settings for MMAT nozzles

86%
Fritz B. K., Czaczyk Z., Hoffmann W. C.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2016
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tom 56
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nr 2
Droplet size, which is affected by nozzle type, nozzle setups and operation, and spray solution, is one of the most critical factors influencing spray performance, environment pollution, food safety, and must be considered as part of any application scenario. Characterizing spray nozzles can be a timely and expensive proposition if the entire operational space (all combinations of spray pressure and orifice size, what influence flow rate) is to be evaluated. This research proposes a structured, experimental design that allows for the development of computational models for droplet size based on any combination of a nozzle’s potential operational settings. The developed droplet size determination model can be used as Decision Support System (DSS) for precise selection of sprayer working parameters to adapt to local field scenarios. Five nozzle types (designs) were evaluated across their complete range of orifice size (flow rate*) and spray pressures using a response surface experimental design. Several of the models showed high level fits of the modeled to the measured data while several did not as a result of the lack of significant effect from either orifice size (flow rate*) or spray pressure. The computational models were integrated into a spreadsheet based user interface for ease of use. The proposed experimental design provides for efficient nozzle evaluations and development of computational models that allow for the determination of droplet size spectrum and spraying classification for any combination of a given nozzle’s operating settings. The proposed DSS will allow for the ready assessment and modification of a sprayers performance based on the operational settings, to ensure the application is made following recommendations in plant protection products (PPP) labels.
5

Measurement of droplet size distribution characteristics of a spray dryer-rotary atomizer using Phase Doppler Anemometry technique

72%
Chegini G. R., Bashiri B., Ashjaei M.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Agricultural Engineering
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2010
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tom 13
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nr 4
6

Seasonal and photoperiodic effects on lipid droplet size and lipid peroxidation in the brown adipose tissue of bank voles (Myodes glareolus)

72%
Bonda-Ostaszewska E., Wlostowski T., Krasowska A., Kozlowski P.
Acta Theriologica
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2012
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tom 57
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nr 4
Seasonal changes in lipid droplet size and lipid peroxidation in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of wild bank voles were examined. In addition, a role of photoperiod in these changes was studied; bank voles were held from the birth under long photoperiod (LP) for 12 weeks, and then half of them was transferred to short photoperiod (SP) for 6 weeks and another one remained under LP. In the wild bank voles the absolute BAT weight was seasonally constant, while the significant differences in the lipid droplet size were observed. The smallest lipid droplets (mean, 11 μm2) were seen in winter; they increased by 30 % in spring and reached the highest size (24 μm2) in summer. Lipid peroxidation in the BAT did not differ significantly between the seasons, although high intraseason variation of this process was noted. The laboratory experiment revealed that the size of lipid droplets was determined by photoperiod; SP induced 13-fold decrease, and continuous exposure to LP brought about a further 2.5-fold increase in the size of lipid droplets. Conversely, a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation was seen in LP bank voles in comparison with the SP animals. The data indicate that short photoperiod is responsible for the small size of lipid droplets in the BAT of bank voles during winter, which may be a necessary requirement for high thermogenic capacity of the tissue. Photoperiod appears also to affect lipid peroxidation in the BAT of these animals.
7
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Spraying of wheat by field sprayer equipped with an airmatic system control

72%
Gajtkowski A.
Journal of Plant Protection Research
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2002
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tom 42
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nr 1
The AirJet bi-fluid nozzle mixes air with the spray solution inside the nozzle to atomize the spray. The AirJet can produce droplets of consistent size at a wide range of flow rates. Unlike conventional nozzles, the AirJet will not change droplet size as rates and pressures change. The quality of wheat spraying obtained while applying AirJet TK-VS10 nozzles was tested. The coverage was estimated on water sensitive papers. Nozzles were used at the liquid pressure: 0.22; 0.28; 0.35 MPa and air pressure: 0.07; 0.08; 0.09; 0.1 MPa. Relatively low spray volumes 90 l/ha, 110 I/ha and 150 I/ha were obtained at constant working speed of 6 km/h.
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