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The distribution of the digenean Posthodiplostomum cuticola in cyprinids caught in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon is described. The metacercariae were found to be present in carp bream (Abramis brama), roach (Rutilus rutilus), Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), white bream (Abramis bjoerkna), ziege (Pelecus cultratus), and common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus). Of the 1287 metacercariae found, 1175 occurred on the body surface, including 780 in the fins, 232 on the scales, and 163 in the skin underneath the scales. The remaining metacercariae occurred in the mouth cavity, gills, and eye sockets. Most of the parasites (1033) were located on the surface of the body below the longitudo caudalis. As is shown by the study, the digenea attack primarily those parts on the fish body that are closest to the bottom. The fins, sites that are more amenable to attachment and subsequently to penetration into the host's tissues, turned out to be the preferred site of the parasite (60.6% of the metacercariae).
This study determined the effect of hormonal stimulation of the wild female nase, Chondrostoma nasus (L.), on its basic reproduction indices (percentage of ovulations, latency time, embryo survival) and the economic profitability of its use. Two commercial preparations were used in the experiment: Ovopel and Ovaprim. They were used separately (group 1 and 2 for Ovopel and Ovaprim, respectively) and in combination (group 3), where Ovopel was given in initial and Ovaprim in resolving injection. The study found a high effectiveness of all the hormonal treatments applied (ovulation rate 90–100%, latency time 36 h, embryo survival rate 78.6–81.2%) (P>0.05), which may be evidence of the greater susceptibility of the nase to stimulation with the less active mammalian analogue of GnRH as compared to other species of rheophilic cyprinids. In consequence, the lowest cost of hormonal stimulation (0.59 EUR per 10,000 viable embryos) was achieved with Ovopel. Using the hormonal agents in combination (in group 3) reduced the cost of stimulation by 0.17 EUR as compared to Ovaprim (group 2), where the cost was the highest (1.57 EUR per 10,000 viable embryos). The results presented in this study are providing useful information for fish breeders who manage wild populations of the nase and other species of rheophilic cyprinids.
In addition to n-6 fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential ingredients of the human diet. Many marine fish contain high levels of these fatty acids; however, freshwater fish are also an important source of n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Generally, there is a balanced relation between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in freshwater fish. Just as other animals and humans, fish cannot synthesize the essential fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series. Thus, these fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, and their original source is plants, particularly phytoplankton. The fatty acid composition of fish is strongly influenced by the lipid pattern of their food. Feeding high energy diets containing high amounts of fish oil in aquaculture results in marketable fish with substantial levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Several investigations have shown that the consumption of freshwater fish has beneficial effects on human health, especially for persons suffering from cardiovascular diseases. This is why freshwater fish is recommended as wholesome food for humans.
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