Cross-resistance between Toxocara canis and Trichinella spiralis was studied in CBA/J mice exposed to varying doses of T. canis and 14 days later challenged with 400 larvae of T. spiralis. Intestinal burden of T. spiralis on day 7 post infection (PI) in mice given 25 ova of T. canis was 70% of challenge control burden, but in mice given 250 ova the burden was consistently below 20% of the control value. Male worms were preferentially expelled from mice exposed to T. canis. Recovery of muscle larvae was reduced in mice given 250 ova, but not in mice given 25 ova. Intestinal burdens of T. spiralis in T. canis-sensitized mice (250 ova) was 58% of the control values at 36 h PI, and most of the remaining worms were expelled between 5 and 7 days PI. Worms from mice given 250 ova released lower numbers of newborn larvae in vitro.
In vitro antileukemic activity of five glucocorticoids and their cross-resistance pattern in childhood acute lymphoblastic and non-lymphoblastic leukemia were determined by means of the MTT assay in 25 leukemia cell samples of childhood acute leukemias. The equivalent antileukemic concentrations of the drugs tested were: 34 uM hydrocortisone (HC), 8 uM prednisolone (PRE), 1.5 uM methylprednisolone (MPR), 0.44 uM dexamethasone (DX) and 0.22 Mbetamethasone (BET). In comparison with initial ALL cell samples, the relapsed ALL group was more resistant to PRE (38-fold, p = 0.044), DX (> 34-fold, p = 0.04), MPR (38-fold), BET (45-fold) and HC (33-fold). TheAMLcell samples were even more resistant to: PRE (>85-fold, p=0.001), DX (> 34-fold, p = 0.004),MPR(> 69-fold, p = 0.036), BET (> 69-fold, p = 0.038) and HC (54-fold, p = 0.059) when compared with ALL on initial diagnosis. A significant cross-resistance among all the glucocorticoids used was found. Only in some individual cases the cross-resistance was less pronounced.
This review presents different aspects of Varroa destructor resistance to most commonly used contact acaricides. It is concerned with (1) – genetic background of the mechanism of this resistance, (2) – phenomenon of cross-resistance, (3) spread of discussed resistance throughout Europe and North America, (4) – methods of combating varroa resistance. The authors conclude that a rapid and sensitive DNA based test, enabling early detection of varroa resistance to pyrethroids and other contact acaricides is urgently needed.
Reports on control failure of grass weeds due to herbicides resistance are more frequent recently. Silky bentgrass (Apera spica-venti L.) is one of the dominating grass weed in Poland in winter crops fields. For control of A. spica-venti in Poland farmers used few herbicides, ALS inhibitors, ACCase inhibitors and photosyntem II inhibiting herbicides. During last 2 years (2008–2009) seeds Silky bentgrass were collected from the field where farmers informed that after using herbicides the control this grass weed was very poor. Collected seeds were used in greenhouse experiments. Collected biotypes were compared with susceptible biotypes from Experimental Station Winna Góra. Obtained data from the experiments indicated that three tested biotypes of A. spica-venti were cross-resistant to two ACCase-inhibiting herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and pinoxaden. The calculation for dose-response curve and resistance index ED50 indicated that the level of resistance of those two biotypes was high.
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