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Flora in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamosc region

100%

Zieminska-Smyk M., Wylupek T. G., Skwarylo-Bednarz B.

Acta Agrobotanica

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2015

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tom 68

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nr 3

A floristic inventory of segetal flora was carried out in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamość region in the year 2010. This study found a total of 130 weed species belonging to 30 botanical families. The following families were represented most frequently: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Brassicaceae. In the segetal flora, apophytes are dominant (55% of the total flora), with the highest number of meadow and xerothermic grassland species among them. Archeophytes (38%) predominate in the group of anthropophytes. The species characterized by the highest constancy classes and reaching the highest cover indices posed the greatest threat to crops in the study area. The following weeds are most frequently found in fallow fields: Consolida regalis, Cichorium intybus, and Sinapis arvensis, while Papaver rhoeas is the greatest threat to cereal crops grown on rendzina soils.

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Tendencies of changes in the cropfield flora of the Eastern part of Pomerania

100%

Szmeja K.

Polish Ecological Studies

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1997

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tom 23

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nr 3-4

3

Nematode communities along the transect shelterbelt-ecotone-crop field

84%

Dmowska E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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tom 55

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nr 4

The study was carried out in western Poland (Turew region) in two shelterbelts of different age (the younger – 6 years old and the older – 11 years old) planted across croplands, in adjacent fields and in the field located in deforested area (control field). Soil samples were taken twice: in the autumn and spring from the centre of each shelterbelt, from the ecotone, and in the field at a distance of 15 and 50 m from the edge of the shelterbelts. The density of nematode communities fluctuated unpredictably, in autumn it was very low and ranged from 276 to 641×10³, in spring it ranged from 388 to 1931×10³ individuals per 1 m². Most numerous trophic groups were: bacterivores, fungivores and obligate plant feeders, while facultative plant feeders, omnivores and predators achieved low level. The abundance of predators in older shelterbelt was significantly (P ≤0.05) higher than that in the younger one and decreased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the field. The communities in shelterbelt and its ecotone were more diverse, which was reflected by the higher number of genera (19–31) and higher values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’(3.3 – 4.0), than those in the fields where the number of genera ranged from 15 to 25 and Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’ ranged from 2.5 to 3.5. In the younger shelterbelt and in the control field the soil food-web assessed with indices derived from analysis of nematode communities was considered as composed mainly of basal components, i.e. cosmopolitan species feeding on bacteria and fungi occurring everywhere even in degraded environments. While the food web in older shelterbelt was consisted mainly of enrichment components, i.e. bacteria feeding species of very short life cycle, with high food requirements which occur in the environment rich in bacteria). The values of Channel Index which informs about the predominant pathway of decomposition (through bacteria or fungi) showed that in majority of sites bacterial processes predominated. Only in the older shelterbelt the participation of fungal decomposition channel was higher (>50%) and increased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt towards the centre of the field. The results of Correspondence Analysis showed that first two axis explained 40.3% of the variance. The generic composition of nematode communities in the 11-years old shelterbelt differed from that in the 6-years old shelterbelt. Nematode communities inhabiting the ecotone of younger shelterbelt were very similar to the communities in the shelterbelt, while the communities in ecotone of older shelterbelt differed from those in the shelterbelts. Nematode communities inhabiting the control field were similar to those inhabiting the field adjacent to younger shelterbelt.

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Variability of moisture, temperature and thermal properties in bare soil and in crop field

84%

Walczak R., Usowicz B.

International Agrophysics

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1994

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tom 08

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nr 1

5

Enchytraeids [Oligochaeta] in the agricultural landscape

84%

Nowak E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2004

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tom 52

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nr 2

Enchytraeids are the most important detritophages in farmlang. Their density, species composition, and body lenght were assessed in four crop fields and adjacent shelterbelts in Turew area (Wielkopolska, West Poland). The density in crop fields varied between 3000 and 13000 ind. m⁻², whereas in woodlots from 7000 to 15000 ind. m⁻². In the absence of earthworms in cultivated fields, enchytraeids contributed to 2-5% of the total biomass of soil invertebrates. Enchytraeid species living in crop fields were not specific of this habitat. The community occurring in the ecotone (between the woodlot and field) was similar to that in the crop fields with respect to the species composition, and to the youngest woodlots with respect to the abundance and body size. Over the last 25-year period, numbers and diversity (H') of enchytraeids in investigated fields did not change but the size of an average individual decreased.

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The effect of landscape structure on the distribution of brown hare Lepus europaeus in farmlands of Germany and Poland

67%

Kamieniarz R., Voigt U., Panek M., Strauss E., Nieweglowski H.

Acta Theriologica

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 1

Habitat management should be an important part of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) conservation, but the habitat requirements of this species are not fully recognised. The aim of our research was to estimate these requirements by analysing the effect of various agricultural landscape structure features on the distribution of hares in five agricultural areas in Germany and Poland. The local density of hares was assessed in the spring and autumn of 2006 by using the method of spotlight–strip counts on 9–15 subareas in each research region. The structure of agricultural landscape has been described for each subarea: the share of grain, other crops and grasses as well as the density of crop edges and uncultivated places with wild vegetation. The density of hares was considerably higher in Germany than in Poland (18.8–48.4 vs. 4.1–9.5 indiv./km2). The hare density was positively correlated with non-grain crops in an area, with crop edges in two areas and with wild vegetation without trees in two areas, and negatively correlated with grassfields in two areas. The occurrence of wild vegetation without trees affected the hare density only in the study areas, where this habitat was relatively rare (<3 km/km2). It was suggested that proper projects aimed at habitat management for brown hares should be elastic, i.e. the projects should be modified depending on the structure of local landscapes. Moreover, the protection and creation of structures with wild vegetation among cropland seem to be considerable methods of brown hare or generally wildlife conservation; therefore, such measures should be an important part of agro-environmental packages.

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Charakterystyka uksztaltowania przestrzennego dzialek przeznaczonych pod uzytki zielone we wsi o duzym rozdrobnieniu gruntow [na przykladzie wsi Lapsze Wyzne]

67%

Harasimowicz S., Mazur R.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Administratio Locorum

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2004

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tom 03

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nr 1

67-78

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Influence of agricultural landscape structure on diversity of insect communities

67%

Ryszkowski L., Karg J., Glura M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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tom 57

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nr 4

697-713

Environmental effects of the intensification of agricultural production have a profound impact on the ecological carrying capacity of agricultural landscapes for biodiversity. The recent view of the relationship between biodiversity and landscape structural characteristics showed the importance of the vegetation patch composition, heterogeneity and fragmentation of the habitats, their connectivity and scale dimension for biodiversity protection. There are two kinds of habitat/vegetation diversity in the agricultural landscape: crop fields which form a sort of matrix and the network of semi-natural or perennial patches of vegetation like shelterbelts, small patches of forests, meadows or wetlands. The studies were carried in mosaic and uniform agricultural landscape in west Poland. In the mosaic landscape, small areas of arable fields are presented as well as numerous semi-natural ecosystems being refuges for plants and animals (shelterbelts, small water bodies, strips of meadows, channels etc.). In the uniform landscape, large areas of arable fields and small number of refugial ecosystems are presented. The importance of these two kinds of landscape diversity for the family diversity of aboveground insect communities was studied in the agricultural landscape (Turew area) in Poznan region of Western Poland. The landscape is composed of the large (up to 100 ha area) fields (wheat and corn mostly) and a network of shelterbelts (black locust, oak) planted in the past (XIX century) as well as recently (with more than 10 species of trees). The studies were carried up from 1984 to 2005 in the different vegetation patches, wheat fields and shelterbelts, as well as at different distances from the shelterbelts. Quick-trap method, with a base area of 0.25 m² was used to collect the above-ground insects. 10–20 samples were taken in each series. 133 families were recorded in the 1994–2005 period. The number of recorded families decreased with increasing distance from shelterbelt. This decrease is well described by negative exponential equation with fit measured by determination coefficient R² = 0.97. The mean number of families found in wheat field at the 100 m distance shelterbelt was equal to 52.0 and was higher than their number recorded in wheat fields of the uniform landscape which amounted to 40.9. Groups of occasionally occurring and residential families were also studied. In the mosaic landscape the share of occasionally occurring families in total number of recorded families was equal to 0.29 (36 vs 124). In the uniform landscape, contribution of occasionally occurring families was 0.37 (43 vs 115). The landscape structure had negligible effects on occasionally appearing insects, which can be distributed by wind as well as by other factors, or are on a long-distance migration. The main factors counteracting the decline of biodiversity in agroecosystems are the mosaic structure of the landscape and dispersal properties of insects. Refuges occurring in mosaic land scape counterbalance the loss of insect diversity due to intensification of agriculture production. The influence of landscape structure on recurrence of insect families in consecutive years is so strong that combined changes of climate and crop pattern do not seem to have the significant effect.

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The impact of a shelterbelt on soil properties and microbial activity in an adjacent crop field

67%

Wojewoda D., Russel S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2003

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tom 51

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nr 3

Studies were carried out in a 8 years old shelterbelt planted across croplands (D. Chłapowski Landscape Park, region of Wielkopolska, western Poland) and in the easterly adjacent field. The effect of the shelterbelt on: soil organic matter content, soil respiration, microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, mineralization potential of N and total number of bacteria and fungi in the upper soil layer was analysed. Samples were collected along parallel sites situated in the central part of the strip (S), in the wood edge (Es), field edge (Ef) and in the field 10 m (F10) and 50 m (F50) away from the strip. All studied microbial parameters, except for plate counted total numbers of bacteria and fungi, showed a high and significant correlation with soil respiration and microbial biomass. The highest values were found in the wood soil, lowest in the field soil and intermediate in the field edge. Marked vertical differences between layers 0-3 and 3-10 cm were noticed on sites S, Es and Ef while stratification in the field was visible not earlier than 11 months after ploughing. Some parameters: soil organic matter contents, dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass estimated by fumigation-extraction method and mineralization potential of N, showed a regular pattern along the gradient from the shelter-belt to the middle of the field. The study suggests a favourable effect of a shelterbelt on organic matter content in the adjacent field. This effect may increase with age of the wood strip.

Ograniczanie wyników

Flora in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamosc region

Tendencies of changes in the cropfield flora of the Eastern part of Pomerania

Nematode communities along the transect shelterbelt-ecotone-crop field

Variability of moisture, temperature and thermal properties in bare soil and in crop field

Enchytraeids [Oligochaeta] in the agricultural landscape

The effect of landscape structure on the distribution of brown hare Lepus europaeus in farmlands of Germany and Poland

Charakterystyka uksztaltowania przestrzennego dzialek przeznaczonych pod uzytki zielone we wsi o duzym rozdrobnieniu gruntow [na przykladzie wsi Lapsze Wyzne]

Influence of agricultural landscape structure on diversity of insect communities

The impact of a shelterbelt on soil properties and microbial activity in an adjacent crop field