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Wplyw zmian klimatycznych na choroby zakazne

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Impacts of climate change on infectious diseases. Climate warming may have significant impacts on human health, including changes in the distribution and seasonality of vector-borne diseases. We discuss the consequences of climate change on infectious diseases. Effects of transmission of the imported tropical diseases in Europe are discussed.
Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis is caused by pathogenic rickettsia Ehrlichia canis and is a tick-borne disease transmitted in particular by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis. The role of other ticks in the CME transmission is still unrecognised. The aim of this screening study on a tick population (n=490) was to determine the possibility of transmitting Ehrlichia canis infection by ticks during dog’s infestation as well as examining the possibility of co-infection with Ehrlichia canis, Borelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophila. Examinations were performed with the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There was no positive reaction to E. canis on 490 DNA isolates of ticks and no co-infection with Ehrlichia canis, Borelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophila was found in the examined tick population. Taking under consideration the negative results in tick populations from the epizootiological point of view, the route of dog infection seems to be problematic despite the fact that there were positive samples in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and in PCR.
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Stawonogi - wektory chorob transmisyjnych

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Arthropods may be obligatory or facultative vectors of transmissible diseases. Various relations exist between arthropod reservoirs and vectors of which the most important are trophic, topic and phoric associations. Arthropods could be biological or mechanical vectors and transmit pathogens in an active or passive way. Among different taxonomic groups of arthropod vectors the mostimportant are hard ticks (Ixodidae). The following biological features of ticks support their role as reservoirs and vectors of disease agents: anatomical structure; feeding mechanisms, mostly an ability of the intake of large volumes of host blood and an ability of the injection of large amounts of saliva into host's body; change of hosts during life cycle; a possibility of the long persistence of pathogens in tick's population due to the transstadial, transovarial, transspermal and hyperparasitic transmission, and parallel feeding; longevity of ticks compared to rodents; a possibility of geographical distribution.
The purpose of examinations was defined role of environment of school in interindyvidual transmisions. The yeast and yeast - like fungi isolated from the oral cavity, troat and nose from 270 healthy children, at the age of 6 to 15 years, from country and municipal schools. The frequency of occurrence of fungi in country was higher than in minicipal schools by the resambling biodifferentiation. Totally 13 species belonging to 5 genera were detected in the examined material: Candida, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycopsis i Trichosporon. Increasing part of S. capsularis was noted in ontocenoses of healthy children. The qualitative and quantitative changes testify about changes of environment. Simultaneously, they inform about timely condition of mycoflora of the examined ontocenosis and surroundings.
This paper is a comprehensive presentation of the role of ticks, especially those occurring in Poland, in the epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases. Following paragraphs review briefly principal diseases of viral, rickettsial and bacterial etiology with emphasis on natural circulation of pathogens between ticks serving as vectors and various vertebrates which function as tick hosts and pathogen reservoires. The vertical circulation of pathogens within the ticks population as well as modes of transmission of viruses, rickettsiae and bacteria by ticks to man are also outlined.
Climate models suggest the strong possibility of range increase of the diseases transmitted by parasitic arthropods, mostly mosquitoes. In predicting processes of malaria and Dengue diseases dispersion the estimation of risk is based mostly on reproduction rate of vector species. These models allow to calculate the critical threshold of host density which is necessary to maintain parasites and pathogens transmission. Such studies based on integrated mathematical modelling indicate widespread increase of risk due to expansion of the areas suitable for mosquito−borne diseases transmission. This predicted increase is the most pronounced at the borders of the endemic areas and at higher altitudes within malaria and Dengue areas. The simulated change in mosquito−borne diseases risk must be interpreted on the basis of local environmental conditions as well as the effects of socio−economic developments and control disease programs. Apart from mathematical models the sequencing of proteins and DNA of vectors and their pathogens as well as satellite technology (GIS) are taken into consideration. It is supposed that potential impact of global climate change on malaria and Dengue risk can be reduced by constant warning system based on biological monitoring of mosquito vector species and their pathogens. Efficient care system connected with full diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of transmission diseases are also required.
Recent advance in the knowledge of the role of Ixodidae in the epidemiology of human piroplasmosis is reviewed, with special emphasis on Babesia species which cause diseases in man. The problem in Europe came to medical attention since 20 cases have been reported, and most of them due to B. divergens. However, contrary to other European countries, the zoonotic reservoir of Babesia spp. in Poland is unknown and futher research is required to elucidate the importance of Ixodidae in the transmission of piroplasms.
In the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in Europe. They are mostly due to infection by Borrelia burgdorferi s.I., Babesia divergens, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. All these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of Ixodes persulcatus „complex". Also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to B. burgdorferi, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. Actually in Poland, the identification of the host species that act as zoonotical reservoir for these pathogens on which the competent vector becomes infected, is crucial to understand the dynamics of enzootie cycle of these pathogens. It is also important to assess the risk factor of infection in different habitats, especially in environmental condition where changing in farming system has left great land area under grassland or pasture, e.g. in Mazury Lakes District Under such circumstances, susceptible rodent species, at least for two of these pathogens: B. micrnti and B. burgdorferi s.l., increasingly became competent reservoirs. This aspect is currently receiving considerable attention in Europe.
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