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Francis Bacon and limiting the liberty to learn

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Francis Bacon virtually limits liberty to scientific activity, to the right to choose from the largest possible number of alternatives. This makes science morę creative. Bacon suggests that going beyond the limits of liberty may expose us to danger from the world of politics. This is why Bacon recommends conformism in social life despite the revolutionary naturę of his discoveries.
Background: A common international research area is being created as a result of linked activities of research centres. Aim of the study: To implement an interdisciplinary approach based on the example of a pilot study of lifestyle and identify connections between physical activity levels (PA), health-related behaviours, and the locus of health control among students. Material and methods: The research was carried out using 294 students of human sciences (235 females and 59 males) aged 18-24. A diagnostic survey method was chosen using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC). Results: Total PA was assessed at 3829.3 MET-min/week. The dominant types of activities were walking (1245 MET-min/week) and moderate PA (1254 MET-min/week). Higher values in intensive and moderate efforts were reported among the male students, while women reported higher values in walking. The general severity index HBI is 72-93 points. There were no significant gender-related differences regarding the general indicator (except for the increased frequency of low health-related behaviours among females). Respondents mostly presented with internal locus of control with influence of others being reported less frequently, and accident locus of control least frequently. The analysis revealed a correlation between the internal placement of MHLC and PA among men (r=0.226, p<0.01) and individual HBI indices among women. Conclusions: Most young people present a sufficient level of PA, desirable HBI, and, to a large extent, the internal locus of MHLC. The participants had a greater sense of responsibility for their own health. Females, when deciding on a lifestyle, are more easily influenced by other people. It is necessary to conduct interdisciplinary group work for comparative research in order to create educational and preventive programs addressing identified lifestyle abnormalities.
Introduction. Team sports require comprehensive motor preparation of players. In addition to strength and endurance skills, increasing attention is being given to the development of players’ speed skills. Aim of Study. The aim of the study was to evaluate reaction time and 30-metre, straight line sprint time in players selected for the Lower Silesian Regional Teams in Poland in 2013 and 2014. Material and Methods. The study involved 369 players aged 13–15 years (187 girls and 182 boys), members of football, handball, volleyball and basketball Regional Teams of Lower Silesia. Out of this group, 51 players participated in the study in 2013, and then repeated it in 2014. The study used Smart Jump and Smart Speed Systems to measure players’ reaction and sprint times, which were measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30-metre intervals. Results. Mean reaction time to light stimuli observed in boys in 2013 and 2014 was 0.509 ± 0.141 and 0.467 ± 0.264 seconds, respectively. In girls, the mean reaction time was 0.553 ± 0.122 and 0.566 ± 0.0271 seconds in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Mean sprint time in 2013 for boys who were not selected for the Regional Teams the following year was 5.338 ± 0.285 seconds, while those who were selected reached 5.416 ± 0.321 seconds. Girls who did not qualify for the Regional Teams in 2014 achieved the time of 5.764 ± 0.305 seconds. The female players who repeated the study reached the mean time of 5.805 ± 0.28 seconds. Boys who joined the Regional Teams in 2014 had a 30-metre sprint time of 5.533 ± 0.359 s. Boys who were repeating the study achieved the time of 5.322 ± 0.295 s. Girls who were selected for the Regional Teams in 2014 reached 5.796 ± 0.348 s, while girls who were repeating the study – 5.839 ± 0.342 s. Conclusions. The players’ reaction times may suggest that this ability was not a criterion for selecting male and female players for the Regional Teams of Lower Silesia. Male handball players were shown to posses the greatest speed potential.
The aim of the study was to analyze how demographic factors (such as gender, age and education period) and health factors (such as general health, problems with heart or digestion, diabetes) influence the choice of yoghurts among people aged 65+ and what kind of perceptions of functional foods are formed by the respondents. The study was carried out in Autumn 2003 in the group of 96 Warsaw citizens, without extreme visual and/or hearing impairments. The seniors were divided into experimental groups according to gender (48 women and 48 men) and age (65–74 years old and 75+, in equal proportions). In order to determine seniors’ perceptions of yoghurts a Repertory Grid Method (RGM) was used and empty packages of 5 functional and 2 conventional yoghurts were presented to the subjects in 3 triads. In general, health aspects and taste of yoghurts were the most important factors influencing the food choice, in particular for people who were overweight or obese or suffered from heart problems. Healthy yoghurts were seen by most seniors as natural products, without any additives or even fruits. However, the presence of other functional ingredients such as active biocultures, fibre or vitamins were perceived as additional benefit for health. Consequently, functional yoghurts were in general perceived as healthier than conventional ones. Health expectations of seniors (especially those with heart problems) were met if fat content in yoghurts was in the range of 0.0–1.0%. Therefore, functional yoghurts, being usually low fat, were often perceived by older people as having more proper fat content when compared to the conventional ones. Taste of yoghurts was not important regardless of the fact whether the product belonged to either functional or conventional yoghurts.
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