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The need for new mechanistic classes of broad spectrum antifungal agents has prompted development of the membrane sector and ectodomain of the plasma membrane proton pumping ATPase as an antifungal target. The fungal proton pump is a highly abundant, essential enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It belongs to the family of P-type ATPases, a class of enzymes that includes the Na+,K+-ATPase and the gastric H+,K+-ATPase. These enzymes are cell surface therapeutic targets for the cardiac glycosides and several anti-ulcer drugs, respectively. The effects of acid- -activated omeprazole show that extensive inhibition of the S. cerevisiae ATPase is fungicidal. Fungal proton pumps possess elements within their transmembrane loops that distinguish them from other P-type ATPases. These loops, such as the conformationally sensitive transmembrane loop 1+2, can attenuate the activity of the enzyme. Expression in S. cerevisiae of fully functional chimeric ATPases that contain a foreign target comprising transmembrane loops 1+2 and/or 3+4 from the fungal pathogen Candida albicans suggests that these loops operate as a domain. The chimera containing C. albicans transmembrane loops 1+2 and 3+4 provides a prototype for mutational analysis of the target region and the screening of inhibitors directed against opportunistic fungal pathogens. Panels of mutants with modified ATPase regulation or with altered cell surface cysteine residues are also described. Information about the ATPase membrane sector and ectodomain has been integrated into a model of this region.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sucrose concentration in the preculture medium, as well as the duration of osmotic dehydration on the efficiency of chrysanthemum ‘Richmond’, ‘Lady Orange’ and ‘Lady Salmon’ cryopreservation by encapsulation-dehydration technique. For all cultivars tested, the best regrowth of cryopreserved shot tips was recorded with 0.25 M sucrose concentration and 10 µM ABA during a two-week preculture, followed by a 4- or 7-day osmotic dehydration. The survival rate ranged from 56.8–58.0% (the Lady group) to 63.6% (‘Richmond’). However, the ability to grow was smaller and reached 18.2–50.7%. It was found that higher sucrose concentration during the preculture slowed the growth of chrysanthemum shoot tips and led to an increased formation of multiple shoots (by activating axillary buds) or deformed adventitious shoots (incapable of further growth). The frequency of tissue hyperhydricity also increased, while the rhizogenesis efficiency decreased when higher sucrose concentration in the preculture medium was applied. The influence of osmotic dehydration duration on the explants morphogenetic response was cultivar-dependent.
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