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Ions of irons, especially ferrous ions may be harmful for living organisms, because they generate reactive oxygen species like O2 •- or •OH. Probability of the risk rises especially in pathological conditions, in which high level of iron is observed. For this reason scientists try to establish new methods that can support organism in eliminating reactive ferrous ions. Nowadays, attention focuses on substances present in plants, especially polyphenols, whose administration prevents oxidative damages in iron overloading. This new approach requires some research on behavior of plant-derived compounds in human organism, within a system containing other biomolecules involved in iron metabolism. The aim of this study has been to investigate the influence of black currant (Ribes nigrum) seed extract, a source of polyphenols, on the activity of ceruloplasmin, an enzyme participating in Fe(II) elimination from blood plasma in human organism. Depletion of Fe(II) caused by ceruloplasmin isolated from healthy blood donors was compared to its decrease in a system containing both ceruloplasmin and the extract. The results have shown that addition of a particular amount of the extract elevates the effectiveness of ceruloplasmin in eliminating Fe(II) from the sample but only under physiological condition (pH 7.4; T 37°C). In a weak acidic solution, addition of the extract does not lead to any change in Fe(II) concentration.
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is the major antioxidant in plasma, a protein that carries about 95% of the total copper. Multiple biochemical activities of ceruloplasmin have been described, including copper transport or oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) for subsequent uptake by transferrin and ferritin. Reduction of the pool of free Fe(II) ions by Cp prevents the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species by oxidation of Fe(II), thus inhibiting the Haber-Weiss reaction. The removal of both free Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from blood plasma by polyphenols enhances the antioxidant system of the living organism. However, the mechanism of interactions between exo- and endogenous antioxidants is still under consideration. The effect of raspberry seed extract (RSE) on the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin isolated from plasma of patients with chronic arterial occlusion of the lower limbs due to atherosclerosis (CpAO) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of RSE on the ferroxidase activity of Cp isolated from healthy volunteers (CpC) was also estimated. The ferroxidase activity of Cp, expressed as ΔFe(II), was determined by spectrophotometry with the use of the Fe(II) – histidine complex and ferrozine as a chromogenic reagent. The addition of RSE to samples with the same amount of both CpAO or CpC in each caused an increase in ΔFe(II). The polyphenol-rich RSE may assist Cp in the fight against free radicals and reactive oxygen species when the disease occurs due to an excessive use or reduced production of endogenous antioxidants.
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Copper levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

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Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune-based disease of the connective tissue with still unknown etiology. Numerous studies have indicated the association between Copper (Cu) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations and pathogenesis of RA. Objective. To compare the concentrations of Cu and Cp in different biological samples and their correlation with the inflammatory process, between a group of patients with RA and a control group of healthy individuals. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 74 Caucasian patients (20 men and 54 women), aged 29–50 (mean age 39.8±6.1 years) diagnosed with RA. The control group consisted of 30 healthy Caucasian individuals. Copper levels were assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results. Among RA patients the mean Cu level was significantly higher in serum and hair compartments and significantly lower in erythrocytes, compared with the control group (p<0.01). The Cp concentration was also higher in serum of RA patients (p<0.001). A statistically significant, positive correlation between the Cp serum concentration and the ESR values (rs = 0.38; p<0.007) was found. No significant influence of pharmaceutical treatment (methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, calcium, vitamin D3 and sulphasalazine) on serum Cu was found. Conclusions. It seems that the ‘copper status’ in patients with RA, based on the measurement of Cu and Cp levels in blood serum is correlated with presence of the inflammatory process. The hair could serve as a useful, additional diagnostic material. Some other factors, different from the applied treatment, can probably influence the Cu levels in patients with RA.
The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA) and the activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in milk from cows with clinical mastitis of various severities and with subclinical mastitis in aspect of their usefulness for the detection of mastitis in cows. The concentration of SAA was determined using the commercial ELISA kit. The activity of Cp was determined according to the Rice et al., method. The mean concentration of SAA in milk from cows with mastitis ranged from 4.47 to 322.26 µg/mL. The mean SAA concentration in milk from healthy cows was 11.67 (±7.40) µg/mL and was significantly lower (P<0.01) compared to that in milk from cows with the particular forms of mastitis. The activity of Cp in milk from cows with mastitis ranged from 3.00 to 18.83 U/g of protein. Both in clinical and subclinical mastitis the activity of Cp was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to that of milk from cows with healthy mammary glands (1.20 ±0.42 U/g of protein). The findings revealed that both the SAA concentration and Cp activity were sensitive indicators of inflammatory processes in the udder, even those graded as mild. Their determination in milk may be a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic method to detect mastitis, particularly its subclinical form.
The aim of this study was to establish the influence of α-ketoglutarate (AKG), administered to pregnant sows from the 91st d of pregnancy to farrowing, and then to piglets from birth to the 30th d of life, on lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity, serum total protein content, and the WBC counts in blood of piglets, at the age of the 14th and 30th d of their postnatal life. The sows were treated per os with AKG at the dosage of 0.4 g/kg b.w. every day, whereas those of the controls were given saline. Piglets born by sows treated with AKG were divided into two groups: the first group was administered orally saline (AKG/PhS group) and the second group received orally AKG at the dosage of 0.4 g/kg b.w./d (AKG/AKG group), during 30 d of their postnatal life. Administration of AKG to sows during pregnancy increased lysozyme activity in piglets at the age of the 30th d, which reached the value 7.07 mg/L, while that in the controls was 3.90 mg/L. Ceruloplasmin activity decreased during the first 14 d of life in piglets that received AKG as a continuation of the prenatal procedure. At the age of 14 d, ceruloplasmin activity decreased to 90.96 IU/L in comparison with the 117.95 IU/L of the controls, while the level of total protein was higher (71.83 g/L) than that of the controls (64.23 g/L). There is still limited information about the relationship between exposure to AKG during foetal, and/or early postnatal life and altered postnatal immune function in piglets.
Immersing Siberian sturgeon fry of an average body mass of 40 ± 4 g in epin solution (0.1 mg⁻¹) resulted in an increase of ceruloplasmin level over the entire experimental period (P < 0.001). The differences between the treated and control groups gradually increased reaching the maximum in the fourth and fifth weeks of the study when average levels of ceruloplasmin in the epin-treated group were 2.5 and 5.7-fold higher, respectively. In the control group, ceruloplasmin levels were considerably higher in the first four weeks in comparison to the last two weeks (P < 0.01). The bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme increased up to 50% compared to the control group (P < 0.05) in the first and fourth weeks. The sturgeon in the epin-treated group also showed from 10 to 65% higher concentrations of γ-globulin levels than the control fish, and in the second week the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.01). Simultaneously, total protein concentrations also increased (P< 0.05).
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common diseases in modern society. A large number of studies are in progress aiming to identify natural substances that would be effective in reducing the severity of ALD. Although there are currently a number of drugs on the market, their long-term use can have numerous side effects. Hemidesmus indicus is an indigenous Ayurvedic medicinal plant used in soft drinks in India. In this study, we examined the effects of its ethanolic root extract on experimental liver damage in order to evaluate its hepatoprotective effects against hepatotoxicity induced in rats by ethanol at a dosage of 5 g/kg body weight for 60 days. The H. indicus root extract was given at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for the last 30 days of the experiment. The animals were monitored for food intake and weight gain. The liver was analysed for the degree of lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant status using the activities of glutathione-depedendant enzymes. The degree of liver damage was analysed using serum marker enzyme activities, the total protein, albumin, globulin, ceruloplasmin and liver glycogen contents, and the A/G ratio. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of the liver tissues were recorded in the region of 4000–400 cm−1. The ethanol-fed rats showed significantly elevated liver marker enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation levels and reduced antioxidant levels as compared to the control rats. Oral administration of H. indicus for the latter 30 days resulted in an increased food intake and weight gain, decreased TBARS levels, near normal levels of glutathione-dependent enzymes, increased total protein, albumin, globulin and liver glycogen contents, an increased A/G ratio, and decreased liver marker enzyme activities and ceruloplasmin levels. The relative intensity of the liver FT-IR bands for the experimental groups were found to be altered significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control samples. For the group that had H. indicus co-administered with ethanol, the intensity of the bands was near normal. Moreover, the results of the FT-IR study correlated with our biochemical results.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące zmian wybranych parametrów biochemicznych (glukozy, grup-SH oraz aktywności AP i Crpl) w surowicy krwi szczurów kontrolnych oraz zatruwanych octanem ołowiawym (w przeliczeniu na ołów) o stężeniu 2500 mg/dm3, podawanym przez 28 dni z wodą do picia i jednorazowo per os foschlorem w dawce 50 mg/kg m.c. Wymienione związki podawano poje­dyńczo i łącznie. Stwierdzono, że octan ołowiawy i foschlor w stosowanych daw­kach wykazują wpływ na badane parametry biochemiczne, przy czym nasilenie zmian uzależnione było nie tylko od rodzaju użytego ksenobiotyku, ale również od czasu jaki upłynął od zatrucia i sposobu intoksykacji. Zastosowanie octanu ołowiawego przed foschlorem spowodowało w niektórych okresach czasu nasilenie zmian w badanych parametrach biochemicznych — zwłaszcza aktywności fosfatazy alkalicznej i ceruloplazminy — w porównaniu z intoksykacją pojedyńczą tymi związkami.
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