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In the paper the results on increasing the genetical variability of winter rye cultivar Chodan and of the select WOB-25 using sodium azide treatment were described. Mutants obtained were classified into different classes of mutants. Sodium azide induced several types of mutants. Most frequently appeared dwarfs and low growing mutants. Sodium azide appeared succesful mutagen for winter rye.
New early potato cultivars were assessed in respect of their yield increase rate. Moreover, the morphological and physiological plant traits correlated with high level of yielding were determined. Two Polish cultivars (Gracja and Korona) and two foreign (Molly and Rosalind - German) cultivars were chosen to investigations. The field experiment was conducted in years 2003-2005 in split-plot arrangement and four replications. During growing period, every week after the end of plant emergence the above-ground part of plants and tuber yield were measured. The following indices were calculated: leaf area index (LAI), leaf stem ratio (LSR), specific leaf area (SLA). The final yield of tested cultivars was highly correlated with mass of leaves produced by plant and LAI index. The Korona cultivar was characterized by the highest yield and yielding stability. The tolerance of potato cultivars to cold stress during the first growing period may be higher in case of the local cultivars than in case of the foreign ones but this thesis needs the further studies on larger number of cultivars to be confirmed.
The paper reviews the present state of our knowledge on the genetic variation of morphological and physiological characters of the plant root system as well as its implication for nutrition use efficiency. The questions of whether and/or which of the root parameters appear tobe sustainable selection criteria for the low-input breeding are discussed. Although the concept of such use of the root characters seems to be especially substantiated with local soil and climatic conditions, limited knowledge on root inheritance and genotypic variation under stress conditions as weil as methodological problems have led to controversies and skeptical opinions of breeders. Intensive studies are needed to solve the most important questions. Much more attention should be focused on understanding genetic aspects of the interaction (symbiosis) between plants and rhizosphere organisms, especially the VAM mycorrhize. Appropriate strategies for the improving of complex plant adaptation to lower fertilization levels should be fit as a result of cooperation between various disciplines of plant biology.
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