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1

The anatomy of the tympanic sinus

100%
Nitek S., Wysocki J., Niemczyk K., Ungier E.
Folia Morphologica
|
2006
|
tom 65
|
nr 3
195-199
The tympanic sinus is one of the most important structures of the human temporal bone. Located in its vicinity are the round window, posterior semicircular canal and facial nerve. The study was performed on 30 temporal bones taken from adult cadavers of both sexes. After the tympanic sinus had been identified, its morphological features were evaluated. The sinus was then measured using a graticule with an accuracy of 0.05 mm. Also measured were the shortest distances from the tympanic sinus to the neighbouring structures (the lateral and posterior semicircular canal, the facial nerve canal and the jugular fossa). The measurements were performed under a surgical microscope with eye-piece graduation of 0.05 mm accuracy. Four main morphological types of fossa of the tympanic sinus and two main developmental forms, a deep sinus and a shallow sinus, were distinguished. The existence of a deep sinus was associated with absence of the bridge and the sinus was shallower when the bridge was prominent. The very deep sinuses were located close to the facial canal, in some cases penetrating deep in its vicinity (in some cases even going beyond two thirds of the canal’s circumference), which poses a real risk of facial nerve damage during surgical removal of a lesion located in close proximity to the nerve. In most cases the tympanic sinus is elliptical in shape and its long diameter lies in the vertical plane (mean value: 2.73 × 2.23 mm). The mean distances from the tympanic sinus to the facial nerve canal, lateral semicircular canal, posterior semicircular canal and jugular fossa were 1.5 mm, 2.1 mm, 1.59 mm and 5.5 mm respectively. No correlation was observed between the measurement results and either sex or side.
2

Multiple vessel variations in the retropubic region

75%
Sarikcioglu L., Sindel M.
Folia Morphologica
|
2002
|
tom 61
|
nr 1
43-45
We encountered some multiple vessel variations in the retropubic region of a 55-year-old male cadaver. The obturator artery had its origin from the external iliac artery, and inferior epigastric artery from the femoral artery. Additionally, an anastomosis between obturator and inferior epigastric veins (venous Crown of death) was observed.
3

The thyroid gland and its variations: a cadaveric study

75%
Joshi S. D., Joshi S. S., Daimi S. R., Athavale S. A.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 1
The size and shape of the thyroid gland is subject to much variation, as stated by Wood Jones. Literature is replete with a large number of variations of the gland. By utilizing various techniques like gross dissection, histology, developmental anatomy, and recently thyroid scans and scintigraphy, some common and certain rare anomalies of the thyroid with their possible developmental bases are described in the literature. An attempt has been made to study the thyroid glands in 90 male cadavers available in our department, with ages ranging from 60 to 75 years with mean height of 5’4”. The parameters that were observed included the length and width of lobes, presence or absence of pyramidal lobe, levator glandulae thyroideae, and isthmus with its relation to the tracheal rings. The average length of the right lobe was 4.32 cm, and the left lobe was 4.22 cm. The thickness of the right lobe was 1.13 cm, and the left lobe was 1.18 cm. Pyramidal lobe was present in 34 (37.77%) cases, frequently arising from the left lobe, while the levator glandulae thyroideae was present in 27 (30%) instances, mostly attached superiorly to the body of the hyoid bone. The isthmus was absent in 15 (16.66%) cases; its relation with the tracheal rings greatly varied from the cricoid cartilage to the fourth tracheal ring. Knowledge of variations of the thyroid assumes significance as this has relevance in the resection of thyroid, tumours, and tracheostomy. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 1: 47–50)
4

Anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery from the arch of the aorta: review of the literature and a case report

75%
Jayanthi V., Prakash O., Nirmala Devi M., Geethanjali B. S., Rajini T.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 4
The present report describes an anomalous case of the left vertebral artery arising from the aortic arch between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery in a male cadaver during dissection in an anatomical laboratory. Aortic origin of the vertebral artery is a rare anatomic variant. Detailed knowledge of anomalous origin is important for patients who undergo four- -vessel angiography. Normally, the vertebral artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery on both sides. We also review the anomalous origin of the vertebral artery in the literature and discuss its clinical significance. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 258–260)
5

An anomalous bilateral muscle in Guyon’s canal found during cadaver study

63%
Depukat P., Mizia E., Walocha J.
Folia Morphologica
|
2010
|
tom 69
|
nr 1
During anatomical dissection, an unusual bilateral muscle in the region of Guyon’s canal was found in a 29-year-old human male cadaver. It originated from the pisiform bone and inserted to the flexor retinaculum. The muscle passed between the superficial and deep branch of the ulnar nerve. The ulnar artery passed anteriorly to the muscle. This work reports this finding and tries to categorise it in one of the groups following the literature. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 1: 65–67)
6

The morphology of lumbar sympathetic trunk in humans: a cadaveric study

63%
Gandhi K. R., Verma V. K., Chavan S. K., Joshi S. D., Joshi S. S.
Folia Morphologica
|
2013
|
tom 72
|
nr 3
The vasospastic diseases and chronic pain related to lower limb have been successfully treated by surgical ablation of lumbar sympathetic trunk for last 80 years. Precise knowledge of anatomy of lumbar sympathetic trunk and its adjoining structures is mandatory for safe and uncomplicated lumbar and spinal surgeries. We aim to study the detailed anatomy of entry and exit of lumbar sympathetic trunk, the number, dimensions and location of lumbar ganglia in relation to lumbar vertebra. Thorough dissection was carried out in 30 formalin embalmed cadavers available in the Department of Anatomy, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Rural Medical College (RMC), Loni, Maharashtra. A total of 238 ganglia were observed in 60 lumbar sympathetic trunks. The sympathetic trunk traversed dorsal to the crus of diaphragm in 72.6% and in 13.3% it entered dorsal to the medial arcuate ligament. The most common site of the location of lumbar ganglia was in relation to the second lumbar vertebra, sometimes extending up to the L2–L3 vertebral disc. There was a medial shift of sympathetic trunk in lumbar region and it coursed over sacral promontory to reach the pelvic region in 96% of specimens. These variations should be kept in mind in order to prevent hazardous complications like accidental avulsion of first lumbar ganglia and genitofemoral neuritis. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 217–222)
7

Vascular anomalies in a case of situs inversus

63%
Kulesza R. J. J., Kalmey J. K., Dudas B., Buck W. R.
Folia Morphologica
|
2007
|
tom 66
|
nr 1
Situs inversus is a developmental condition in which the thoracic and abdominal organs fail to negotiate their normal migration patterns and the result is a mirror-image arrangement of these viscera. The literature provides evidence that individuals with this condition have a higher incidence of other congenital malformations (e.g. heart anomalies). Here we describe the dissection of a 71 yearold female cadaver with situs inversus, in which we discovered multiple anomalous vessels associated with the coeliac trunk directed toward the liver. In addition, we identified the inferior vena cava on the left side and a persistent supracardinal vein on the right, constituting a double inferior vena cava. Finally, we identified multiple abnormal venous channels associated with the sub-renal inferior vena cava. These vascular patterns are indeed a rare finding and have surgical implications but may indicate a higher incidence of vascular anomalies in cases of situs inversus.
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