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Three pairs of raccoon dogsNyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834) were observed by continuous radio-tracking (one 24-h session, once a week) during the first six weeks after parturition. Males spent noticeably more time (40.5% ±11.7 SD) alone with the pups than females (16.4% ±8.5 SD). Females had noticeably larger home ranges (95% kernel: 98.24 ha ±51.71 SD) than males (14.73 ha ±8.16 SD) and moved much longer daily distances (7368 m ±2015 SD) than males (4094 m ±2886 SD) in six weeks postpartum. The raccoon dogs left the breeding den in the 6th week after the birth of the pups.In situ video observation showed that the male carried prey to the den to provide the female and the litter with food. A clear division of labour took place among parents during the period in which the pups were nursed: males guarded the litter in the den or in close vicinity of it, while the females foraged to satisfy their increased energy requirements.
In Poland Galanthus nivalis L. is partially protected. The flowers of this species are one of the first sources of nectar and pollen for insects from February to April. The aim of this study was to present the flowering biology as well as the topography, anatomical, and ultrastructural features of the floral nectary. The flower lifespan, the breeding system, and the mass of pollen and nectar produced by the flowers were determined. Examination of the nectary structure was performed using light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flower of G. nivalis lives for about 30 days. The stamens and pistils mature simultaneously and during this time nectar is secreted. The anthers of one flower produced the large amount of pollen (4 mg). The breeding system of G. nivalis was found to be characterized by partial self-compatibility, outcrossing, and xenogamy. The nectary is located at the top of the inferior ovary. The nectary epidermal cells are characterized by striated cuticular ornamentation. Initially, the secreted nectar formed vesicle-like protuberances under the cuticle. The epidermal and parenchymal cells contain numerous plastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, ER cisterns, and vesicles fused with the plasmalemma, which indicates granulocrine nectar secretion.
The paper reports a study of polyploid progeny of crosses between diploid sexual maternal plants and tetraploid pollen donor plants in the genus Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia. All polyploid progeny plants were triploids; no tetraploids were found. Two types of experiments were done with each plant: crossing of some capitula with diploid pollen donor, and isolation of other capitula. Flow cytometric seed screening, together with analysis of seed set, were used to determine the breeding system of particular hybrids. Of the 29 triploid hybrids studied, 7 plants were apomictic. Seventeen triploid hybrids produced progeny sexually, reduced ovules were fertilized, and seed set was low. Three plants produced (near)tetraploid progeny - BIII hybrids with autonomous endosperm. The remaining 2 triploid hybrids were nonapomicts, but their type could not be distinguished. Compared with the crosses with triploid pollen donors, the crosses of diploid with tetraploid pollen donors produced fewer apomictic progeny and more nonapomictic progeny with reduced, irregular chromosome numbers. However, the total number of developed seeds per capitulum was substantially higher in diploid x tetraploid crosses, and their impact in microevolutionary processes may be considerable. In both types of crosses, diplosporous plants lacking the capacity for parthenogenesis were produced, confirming the breakdown of apomixis into its elements.
Comparative faecal analysis-based research on the occurrence of helminths in pigs was conducted in two farms, which differ in their breeding system; in one, the pigs were kept indoors, while the pigs reared on the other had access to outdoor facilities. An examination of 118 faecal samples revealed the presence of the following four helminth species: Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Strongyloides ransomi, and Oesophagostomum sp. The helminth prevalence was very low (14.41%) and the mean number of eggs per sample being low as well (8.91%). The values of the basic parasitological indicators, and the richness of the species in the free- ranging herd proved significantly (P<0.007) higher than in the stock lacking access to outdoor facilities. The differences between the two pig farming systems compared were also found to be related to the age and phenology of the pigs studied.
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