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The article presents the results of a research on the processing of undersize fraction, extracted from a stream of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), into alternative fuel, in the process of bio-drying. The analysis was conducted with the use of an innovative EWA (Ecological Waste Apparatus) bioreactor adapted to carrying out aerobic treatment of waste in such processes as: composting, aerobic digestion/stabilization and bio-drying of waste. EWA bioreactors have been designed and manufactured by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. from the Czech Republic. The subject matter of the analysis was undersize fraction, with particle dimensions ranging from 0 to 50 mm, manufactured in the process of sorting (mechanical processing) of MSW. The main aim of the research was to assess suitability of the use of EWA bioreactor in the process of alternative fuel production from undersize fraction developed from municipal waste (in the process of accelerated bio-drying). Samples were collected between 2011 and 2012. The undersize fraction and the produced alternative fuel were analysed by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. and at the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in accordance with the standards for wastes and solid fuels. It has been concluded that undersize fraction produced from mixed municipal waste might be the energy source for cement plants or commercial power plants. As a result of a 66-hour accelerated process of bio-drying of undersize fraction (the standard time being ca. 7 days), the waste-mass has been lowered by reducing water content (moisture) in undersize fraction by ca. 15 % while increasing its calorific value and the C:N ratio. The process resulted in the increase of non-combustible and non-biodegradable elements. The high C:N ratio and the amount of organic substances at the level of 78 % should enable further aerobic and anaerobic stabilization preceded by substance moisturizing.
The transgenic chicken has great potential as a bioreactor for the production of valuable pharmaceutical proteins, notably in the oviduct/egg. Whereas conventional transgenic approaches have significant limitations in this species, an alternative approach employing primordial germ cells (PGCs), the progenitor cells to ova and spermatozoa, has now been successfully applied to the insertion of exogenous genes into birds. Recent developments in manipulating avian embryos make it possible to produce germline chimeras derived from transferred PGCs. In this review we describe the migration pathway of chicken PGCs during early development. We then summarize different methods for the isolation of PGCs and the diversity of techniques used to introduce genes into these cells. Finally, we describe an in vitro assay for testing tissue-specific vectors designed to express heterologous proteins in transgenic chickens.
The study focused on the production of compounds with antioxidant activity in hairy root and shoot cultures of Salvia officinalis grown in laboratory-scale sprinkle nutrient bioreactors. HPLC analysis showed that production of rosmarinic acid in transformed roots (34.65±1.07 mg l-1) was higher that in shoot culture (26.24±0.48 mg l-1). In the latter diterpenoids: carnosic acid (1.74±0.02 mg l-1) and carnosol (1.34±0.01 mg l-1) were also found. Biomass accumulation after a growth period in the bioreactor was also studied. An 18-fold increase in hairy root biomass was recorded after 40 days of culture. In sage shoot culture, biomass increased 43 times after 21 days of bioreactor run. The current operating conditions of the bioreactor were not suitable for the propagation of Salvia officinalis mainly due to the hyperhydricity problem of leaves and stems.
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Glony - produkcja biomasy

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Glony mogą służyć do produkcji biomasy, którą następnie można wykorzystywać na wiele sposobów. Biomasa może posłużyć do produkcji biodiesla, biogazu, energii elektrycznej, a także cieplnej. Ze względu na rosnące ceny ropy naftowej, a także wzrost zanieczyszczenia środowiska, prowadzone są co raz szersze badania w zakresie wykorzystania biomasy, jako źródła energii bioodnawialnej. Obecnie testowane są liczne systemy namnażania glonów, które często charakteryzują się różną wydajnością produkcji, przy czym wydajność zależy nie tylko od konstrukcji danego fotobioreaktora, lecz również od składników pokarmowych dostarczanych podczas namnażania, natężenia światła, stężenia CO2 i temperatury.
Salvia milthiorrhiza root (Danshen) is one of the oldest and most traditional drug of Chinese origin, mainly used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The tanshiniones (diterpenoids) and phenolic acids are the main biological active substances of S. miltiorrhiza. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for callus cultures and biosynthesis of the biological active compounds. The callus cultures (on solid medium, CC A in shake flask and CC A in bioreactor) were obtained and phytochemical studies on them were carried out. Total amount of phenolic acids determined in callus (solid medium) averaged from 2.58% to 5.72% of dry weight (DW). The callus cultured on solid medium and CC A (in flasks) did not produce tanshiniones. Culture conditions in the bioreactor enabled the biosynthesis of tanshiniones (0.27% of dihydrotanshinione, 0.12% of cryptotanshinone, 0.01% of tanshinione 2A and tanshinione 1). The obtained contents of rosmarinic acid in callus on solid medium and CC A (cultured in shake flasks) are relatively high and comparable to raw material. The callus cultured in bioreactor is eligible for tanshinione production, moreover the accumulation of them is comparable with the intact plants.
Hairy root culture plays an important role in investigation of alkaloid production in culture in vitro. The complexity of scientific work and the production capacity limitations associated with whole plant systems and unorganized cells can be overcome using culture of hairy roots. This paper presents an example of a strategy to produce secondary metabolites from plants, in which we investigated the alkaloid pathway, modified gene expression, and cultivated and optimized hairy root growth in a bioreactor. Datura innoxia whole plant was transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and the obtained hairy roots were studied for their tropane alkaloid production. Optimization of medium led to an increase of scopolamine production in hairy root culture of Datura innoxia by increasing the produced biomass, but genetic engineering seems to be the best way to increase the accumulation of scopolamine. These root cultures were not able to stably overaccumulate scopolamine. The involvement of putative enzymatic regulation of the tropane alkaloid pathway is discussed.
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