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New suid and sanithere material from Wadi Moghra, early Miocene, Egypt, is described and discussed. The new material greatly improves the sample size and diversity of suoids known from North Africa, and includes one species of Sanitheriidae and three species of Kubanochoerinae. The Moghra suoid assemblage most closely resembles that from Gebel Zelten, Libya, suggesting that at least part of the Moghra deposits may overlap in time with part of Zelten, i.e., is equivalent in age to MN 4–5 of the European mammal zonation, or PIII of the East African one. Information from suids and sanitheres is consistent with previous interpretations, that the Moghra deposits were formed under swampy and littoral paleoenvironmental conditions.
Fossil capybaras are morphologically extremely varied, but previous studies have disagreed on whether this diversity reflects intraspecific variation or the existence of multiple species. Here, we review the capybaras from the classic Argentinian Late Miocene localities of Paraná River cliffs (“conglomerado osífero” of the Ituzaingó Formation, Entre Ríos), and Chillhué and Guatraché shallow lakes (Cerro Azul Formation, La Pampa), and perform a morphometric analysis of their upper cheek teeth and the posterior portion of the rostrum. Our results confirm that all of the specimens from the “conglomerado osífero” belong to the single species Cardiatherium paranense. In addition, we refer a specimen from Tupungato (Río de los Pozos Formation, Mendoza) to C. paranense, thus expanding its geographical range. The material from La Pampa represents a different taxon, and is here preliminary referred to Cardiatherium aff. orientalis. Our systematic interpretation of Late Miocene capybaras suggests that the early radiation of this group was not as explosive as previously thought, and was likely constrained by the early acquisition of large size, increasing complexity of the cheek teeth, and probably semi-aquatic habits.
Early Eocene mammals from Indo−Pakistan have only recently come under study. Here we describe the first tapiromorph perissodactyls from the subcontinent. Gandheralophus minor gen. et sp. nov. and G. robustus sp. nov. are two species of Isectolophidae differing in size and in reduction of the anterior dentition. Gandheralophus is probably derived from a primitive isectolophid such as Orientolophus hengdongensis from the earliest Eocene of China, and may be part of a South Asian lineage that also contains Karagalax from the middle Eocene of Pakistan. Two specimens are referred to a new, unnamed species of Lophialetidae. Finally, a highly diagnostic M3 and a molar fragment are described as the new eomoropid chalicothere Litolophus ghazijensissp. nov. The perissodactyls described here, in contrast to most other mammalian groups published from the early Eocene of Indo−Pakistan, are most closely related to forms known from East and Central Asia, where Eocene tapiromorphs are diverse and biochronologically important. Our results therefore allow the first biochronological correlation between early Eocene mammal faunas in Indo−Pakistan and the rest of Asia. We suggest that the upper Ghazij Formation of Pakistan is best correlated with the middle or late part of the Bumbanian Asian Land Mammal Age, while the Kuldana and Subathu Formations of Pakistan and India are best correlated with the Arshantan Asian Land Mammal Age.
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Despite the importance of the Paşalar fauna for the evolution and biogeography of Miocene mammals, few studies on its rodents have been published. In this paper a taxonomic analysis of the Paşalar rodents and the possible correlation that can be based on them are presented. Several rodent taxa, previously unknown from Paşalar are described. These include the cricetids Megacricetodon andrewsi sp. nov. and Democricetodon brevis (Schaub, 1925), the sciurids Spermophilinus bredai (Meyer, 1848) and Sciurinae indet., and the glirid Peridyromys lavocati sp. nov. The taxa previously described from Paşalar are: the ctenodactylid Sayimys cf. intermedius (Sen and Thomas, 1979), the cricetid Cricetodon pasalarensis (Tobien, 1978), the spalacid Pliospalax marmarensis Ünay, 1990 and the castorid cf. Chalicomys jaegeri Kaup, 1832. These determinations represent a reduction of the number of taxa recorded from the locality, as previous papers listed up to five sciurids. Only two sciurids and two glirids are recognized in this study. Mainly on the basis of the new cricetid records, it is possible to correlate the Paşalar fauna to late MN6.
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