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Proteins are the multifunctional food components affecting the living organ-isms. One of the proteins function is the impact on the body due to the presence of motifs that show specific physiological and biological activities. Due to the worldwide growth of demand for the food containing bioactive components, increasing attention has been paid recently to the use of bioactive peptides as physiologically active food ingredients. They are important elements of the prevention and treatment of various lifestyle diseases. In addition to its primary function and according to current knowledge, each protein may be a reserve source of peptides controlling the life processes of organisms. For this reason, in this work, application of a new, additional criterion for evaluating proteins as a potential source of biologically active peptides, contributes to a more comprehensive and objective definition of their biological value. A complementary part of such research is the strategy for evaluation of the food proteins as precursors of biologically active peptides which involves the database of proteins and bioactive peptides - BIOPEP (available on-line at: http://www.uwm.edu.pl/biochemia). The database contains information on 2123 peptides representing 48 types of bioactivities, their EC50 values and source of origin. Proteins (706 sequences) are considered as bioactive peptide precursors based on newly introduced criteria: the profile of potential biological activity, the frequency of bioactive fragments occurrence and potential biological protein activity. This original and unprecedented so far approach, started to be successfully and more widely applied by other authors. BIOPEP can be interfaced with global databases such as e.g. TrEMBL, SWISS-PROT, EROP and PepBank. Recently the BIOPEP database was enlarged with the data about allergenic proteins, including information about structure of their epitopes and molecular markers
Reversed-phase HPLC of liberated hippuric acid (HA) from an ACE assay in the presence of ACE inhibitory peptides derived from a crackling hydrolysate was conducted. The efficacies of two different analytical HPLC columns using identical mobile phases with an isocratic system were tested. Chromatograms revealed that the shorter C8 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) was just as efficient as the longer C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) in resolving liberated HA, but achieved this in a much shorter time (i.e., 3.67 cf 12.52 min). The presence of the crackling hydrolysate exhibited ACE-inhibiting activity by retarding the liberation of HA from the substrate hippuryl-L-histydyl-L-leucine (HHL) in a dose-dependent manner, and did not interfere with the chromatography. Hence, a quick reliable analytical methodology is at hand for the in vitro examination of various “bioactive peptide concoctions” for possible use in the development of functional foods.
These comparative studies on the aggregation behaviour of Ac-(Z)-ΔAbu-NMe2 and Ac-L-Abu-NMe2 in carbon tetrachloride were performed by the analysis of their FTIR spectra and by theoretical calculations. The percentage of the monomeric form (α) decreased as concentration increased and this occurred to a higher degree for the (Z)-ΔAbu derivative than for its saturated analogue. The dimerization constant KD, calculated on the basis of the intensity of the monomer and associate bands in the νs(N-H) vibration region, is by three orders of magnitude larger for Ac-(Z)-ΔAbu-NMe2 than for Ac-L-Abu-NMe2. The obtained dimer geometries of the dehydro- compound were calculated by the B3LYP/6-31+G** method.
The effect of chronic treatment with fermented milk products containing bioactive tripeptides and plant sterols on blood pressure and vascular function was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Six-weeks old male SHR (n=36) were randomized into 4 groups by body weight and blood pressure to receive either Lactobacillus helveticus fermented standard milk product (containing tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro, Val-Pro-Pro and Leu-Pro-Pro), test product with enzymatically produced tripeptides without or with plant sterols or control product without the active constituents for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly using the tail-cuff method. Thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery were excised for vascular response measurements. At the end, SBP values vs. control product group were: standard product group -14 mmHg (P<0.05), test product group -12 mmHg and test product +sterols group -7 mmHg. The average daily tripeptide dose was 2.8-5.2 mg/kg. Total serum cholesterol in the test product +sterols group tended to be lower than in the test product group (P=0.10) whereas serum plant sterol (campesterol, sitosterol) concentrations were higher (P<0.001). In conclusion, bioactive tripeptide-containing milk products attenuated the blood pressure development in SHR. The plant sterols did not improve this effect. Vascular responses did not markedly differ between the groups, except that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) -related aortic relaxation was demonstrated in the test product +sterols group.
The present review describes selected peptides derived from bovine milk proteins and demonstrates their effect on the human immune system. Apart from their obvious nutritive value milk proteins and products of their degradation (peptides) have multiple biological functions. Bovine milk,fermented milk drinks and cheeses are the most abundant sources of biologically active peptides. One of the primary functions of milk is to protect the health of a newborn organism by the virtue of the fact that milk contains many proteins, which exhibit bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties in their intact form. Ingestion of bovine milk by humans causes that bioactive peptides are evoked from delivered proteins during the course of digestion. They possess not only immunomodulatory,but also antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties.
Bioactive peptides are short amino acid sequences, that upon release from the parent protein may play different physiological roles, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and other bioactivities. They have been identified from a range of foods, including those of animal origin, e.g., milk and muscle sources (with pork, beef, or chicken and various species of fish and marine organism). Bioactive peptides are encrypted within the sequence of the parent protein molecule and latent until released and activated by enzymatic proteolysis, e.g. during gastrointestinal digestion or food processing. Bioactive peptides derived from food sources have the potential for incorporation into functional foods and nutraceuticals. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the muscle-derived bioactive peptides, especially those of fermented meats and the potential benefits of these bioactive compounds to human health.
Recent research into the structure and properties of proteins and peptides as physiologically active diet components has spurred a new interest in the isolation and investigation of bioactive peptides of animal, plant and microbiological origin. The isolation and separation of protein and peptide mixtures requires advanced procedures. It usually involves a multi-stage separation process on chromatographic columns with various packing. Immo- bilised Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) is frequently used in the complex process of obtaining peptide fractions. Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) relies on the specific interactions between amino acids, their reactive groups in proteins and peptides and „transitory” metal ions, in particular Cu2+. Those ions are immobilised by the chelating compound on the bed, forming specific adsorbents which bind proteins and peptides. The aim of this study was to determine whether o-phosphoserine (OPS) can be used for the immobilization of copper ions on Sephadex G25 during the separation of peptides and proteins isolated from string beans. Frozen pods of dwarf, green-podded string bean cv. Fana were used in the study. Peptide were extracted from well-homogenized string bean pods with tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), from which high molecular weight proteins were isolated with methanol, acetone, 20% trichloroacetic acid and the Magnafloc M-22S cation flocculant. The protein and peptide content of the separated fractions was determined. The peptide content depended on the type of extract from which high molecular weight proteins were isolated. The results obtained by using OPS as a chelating agent in the separation of string bean can be recommended for analysis of plant peptides.
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In vitro studies of activation of phagocytic cells by bioactive peptides

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The effect of formyl chemotactic peptide (fCTP, fMet-Leu-Phe), ß-amyloid peptides (ß-AP, 1-42, 1-16 and 25-35), and bradykinin (BK) on functional activity of phagocytic cells has been investigated. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was also used as a model membrane binding agent of polypeptide nature. Murine monocyte- macrophage cell line J774.2 and normal human blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were used as target phagocytic cells. Their activity was quantitatively estimated by measuring phagocytosis of killed yeast cells. ß-AP (1-41) maximally stimulated phagocytosis at 0.1 µg/ml, BK - at 1.0 µg/ml, and fCTP - at 2.0 µg/ml. ß-AP (1-16) and ß-AP (25-35) were inactive in used test-systems. Phagocytosis-inducing activity of ß-AP (1-42) and BK reached maximal levels in 2 h and decreased after 4-6 h of incubation. Phagocytosis numbers were compared with the indicators of phagocytic cell activation, such as absorption of neutral red dye, glucose utilization, production of super-oxide anion (NBT-test) and nitrite accumulation (indicator of NO production). NBT-test, which may be related to the killing ability of phagocytic cells towards the ingested objects, was positive only in stimulated PMN leukocytes, while the nitrite accumulation was detected only in stimulated macrophages. Nitrite accumulation in macrophages was markedly induced by lipopolysaccharide and to a lower extent by 0.5 µg/ml ß-AP (1-42). In high dose (5.0 µg/ml) ß-AP suppressed nitrite accumulation in macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Other studied peptides were inactive in inducing nitrite accumulation. Transforming growth factor type ß suppressed phagocytic activity of PMN cells activated by ß-AP or WGA. The anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin and L-lysine aescinate) inhibited ß-AP (1- 42)-induced phagocytosis. The interrelations between the regulatory pathways of BK, ß-AP and fCTP are discussed.
The market of functional foods and beverages develops dynamically. Biological activities of many food components which occur naturally become an issue of many scientific and industrial interests. The structural and chemical changes occurring during the proteins processing lead to the release of bioactive peptides. Their multifunctional activity is based on their structure and other factors including e.g. hydrophobicity, charge, or microelements binding properties. This article focuses on peptides with other physiological and functional activities such as antithromobotic, antioxidative, antibacterial and antifungal, sensory, and improving those nutritional value of food.
Amino acid sequences of chicken (Gallus gallus) meat proteins: myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, collagen and connectin taken from SWISS-PROT and EMBL databases have been analysed using "PROTEIN" computer program searching for fragments identical to bioactive peptides and for bonds susceptible to the action of endopeptidases in protein chains. Chicken meat proteins contain fragments with antihypertensive (connectin), immunomodulating (myosin, tropomyosin, collagen), antithrombotic (collagen), antibacterial (collagen), embryotoxic (collagen) activity and also neuroactive (myosin, collagen, connectin) occurring in amino acid sequences with the frequency higher than that expected from the probability of appearance of given fragments in random amino acid sequences. There is a theoretical possibility of release of bioactive fragments from chicken meat proteins by endopeptidases. Such possibility especially occurs in the case of hydrolysis by proteinase K (EC 3.4.21.14). The frequency of occurrence of bioactive fragments may be applied for quantitative comparison of value of proteins as a source of bioactive peptides, although different affinity of bioactive fragments to their receptors and different susceptibility of proteins to proteolysis should be taken into consideration.
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