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Background: Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a process designed to restore full physical, psychological and social activity and to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Fear of movement may contribute to the occurrence and intensification of hypokinesia, and consequently affect the effectiveness of therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the level of barriers of physical activity in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. The relationship between selected determinants (age and health selfassessment) and the kinesiophobia level were also examined. Material/Methods: 115 people aged 40-84 years were examined: 50 females (x = 63.46; SD = 11.19) and 65 males (x = 64.65; SD = 10.59) – patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation at the Upper-Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice. In the present study, the Polish version of questionnaires: Kinesiophobia Causes Scale (KCS) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used. Questionnaires were supplemented by authors’ short survey. Results: The patients presented an elevated level of kinesiophobia, both in general as well as in individual components. In women, the kinesiophobia level was higher than in men. The psychological domain was a greater barrier of physical activity than the biological one. Strong, negative correlations of psychological and biological domains of kinesiophobia to physical functioning (SF-36) were noted in women. In the case of men, correlations were weaker, but also statistically significant. Conclusions: 1. Sex differentiates patients in their kinesiophobia level 2. Poor self-assessment of health is associated with a greater intensification of kinesiophobia 3. A high level of kinesiophobia may negatively affect cardiac rehabilitation process
Compared with EU countries, Polish forestry features one of the highest proportions of forests under state ownership reaching nearly 80% of the country’s forested area. At the same time, all the operations related to timber harvest and transports are performed by private contractors. The private contractors have no development strategies. This is caused by a number of factors, such as economic, environmental and social, as well as lack of competition on the services market. Unit rates of 4.4 EUR/hour. to 4.9 EUR/hour for harvesting operations and 4.2 EUR/hour to 4.6 EUR/hour for timber skidding differ significantly from those in European Union states reaching for some operations 10–20% of the rates applied in Sweden or Germany. The low fees and the high costs of equipment purchase and use, as well as the difficulties in ensuring an adequately large and stable scope of work are the barrier in the development of service firms.
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The objective of this study is to present the barriers in undertaking tourist and recreational activity by disabled people. Methods. Diagnostic examinations (survey) were conducted with the application of a survey questionnaire on people with various level and type of disability (n = 100, 40 men, 60 women). The respondents were asked to indicate the barriers that – in their opinions – reduce participation of the disabled people in the tourism movement. Results. The respondents indicated that the financial issues constituted the largest barrier (economic barrier). This results from the fact that the disabled often have a worse position on the labour market, they earn less and, on the other hand, the products and tourist services adjusted to their needs are usually more expensive. This is – to a degree – related to the next barrier – an organizational one that the respondents mentioned as well. Conclusions. On the basis of the conducted study it can be stated that participation of the disabled in tourism is limited and this results from both the external barriers (financial, architectural) as well as the internal ones (psychological, social).
Subject and purpose of work: The paper focuses on identifying and assessing selected conditions and limitations of smart rural development in Poland. The concepts of smart development pointed out in the literature were used to analyse the results of field studies carried out in 2011 and 2016 in ten purposefully selected villages located in various regions of the country. Materials and methods: The conclusions were drawn on the basis of empirical material which took a form of quantitative data and qualitative information gathered from the interviews with village mayors (sołtys) and observations of the interviewers. For the purpose of the paper the statistical methods were used and the analysis of the content of responses was performed. Results and conclusions: The results of the surveys indicated a presence of both the potential of smart development in the surveyed villages and the barriers to it. The important determinants to activate local economic progress based on knowledge, education and new technologies were connected mainly with a convenient location and the environmental and cultural resources available. As for an insufficient level of valorisation of the aforementioned elements, it proved to be an obstacle to this process, which was largely due to the limited accumulation of human and social capital.
W pracy przedstawiono dane obrazujące rozmiary finansowe inwestycji w Polsce oraz starano się wskazać najważniejsze przyczyny powodujące wzrost planowanych kosztów w stosunku do wyników rzeczywistych. Na przykładzie badań prowadzonych w innych krajach wskazano, że proces ten jest charakterystyczny nie tylko dla inwestycji krajowych, ale również występuje przy realizacji większości obiektów inżynierskich na całym świecie. W dalszej części artykułu skupiono się na barierach procesu inwestycyjnego, które aktualnie odczuwane są w naszym kraju i występują głównie w obowiązującym prawodawstwie i sferze działań administracyjnych.
Background. Poor health / medical contraindications are one of the most commonly declared barriers to physical activity (PA). The aim of the study is to do a quantitative assessment of this barrier in adult Poles, with a particular emphasis on incidence and accumulation in different demographic and socio-economic backgrounds. Material and methods. A representative sample of Poles aged ≥50 years, declaring sporadic PA, or none (4253 persons) was examined. To assess the frequency of health indications / medical contraindications as the primary barrier to PA, a statistical analysis was done. The impact of individual variables on individual declarations was assessed using logistic regression. Results. Poor health / medical contraindications are the second (25.0%) barrier to PA, after the age factor (26.6%). The likelihood that bad health is declared in people with lower education increases more than 2-fold (ceteris paribus) with regard to those with higher education. As for working people, it is more often evidenced (7-times) in those incapable of working than in the retired ones (4 times). Living in rural areas reduces the chances of pointing to a health barrier by 24%. Although the chances of declaring health as the barrier increase with age, in the oldest (with all other indicators ceteris paribus) it is relatively less likely to be identified, which might suggest that the elderly consider a ge itself as a barrier to activity rather than poor health. Conclusions. It is necessary to improve health education in adult Poles regarding a conscious lifestyle design, understanding diseases and honest self-assessment of one’s health. It is essential to be aware of the physiological symptoms of physical effort, the role of PA both in maintaining and improving one’s health and supporting treatment. It is particularly essential to involve in the undertaking health professionals, especially doctors, because of their knowledge and social prestige.
Wzrost znaczenia atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej wynika z postępującej globalizacji. Stąd istotnego znaczenia nabiera wskazanie cech charakteryzujących atrakcyjne inwestycyjnie regiony. Badania wykazały, że gminy wiejskie województwa lubelskiego cechują się przeciętnie niskim poziomem potencjalnej atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej. Za najważniejsze bariery atrakcyjności uznano rynek zbytu oraz infrastrukturę techniczną.
Celem badań była analiza możliwości retencjonowania wody w zbiornikach powstałych powyżej przegród ziemnych zainstalowanych w liniach ciekowych doliny użytkowanej rolniczo. Badania wykonano w latach hydrologicznych 2001/2002-2003/2004 w zlewni lessowej w miejscowości Olszanka na Wyżynie Lubelskiej. Omawiana zlewnia o powierzchni ponad 73 ha, była w uprawie płużnej i sadowniczej. Na terenie zlewni było 12 zbiorników o pojemności od 100 do ponad 700 m3, dla których określano objętość zretencjonowanej wody. Ilość wody zretencjonowanej we wszystkich badanych zbiornikach wahała się od 2763 m3 w drugim roku badań do 3535 m3 w roku trzecim. Czynnikiem ograniczającym maksymalne zdolności retencyjne zbiorników była ich kolmatacja materiałem glebowym wynoszonym z mikrozlewni podczas spływów powierzchniowych.
The views on the future of Polish towns are quite diverse. On the one hand, towns are perceived as centres of innovation, transportation junctions, or "engines of development," and, on the other hand, they are seen as hardly functional areas, suffering depopulation, failing to protect people against hazards or give them a feeling of security, and expanding onto larger and larger areas. The following are the barriers to the Polish urban development: - lack of available land for capital investments, both public and private ones, and lack of a transparent system for creating conditions of physical planning order (with interdependence between local physical plans and land integration), - poorly developed urban planning marketing, - poor public-interest protection institutions, - lack of government policy oriented on towns (including their development or regeneration), - lack of research on urban development issues. The authorities of Polish towns should precisely analyse the causes of such barriers, as well as useful models of development. In fact, that will not be sufficient. For Polish towns to face challenges, brought at least by the Berlin Declaration, they have to find support from government (e.g. the National Development Plan) and European programmes. In parallel to the creation of foundations for qualitative changes (land integration, efficient planning and decision-making procedures, effective marketing), it is necessary to increase care for the quality of public space in towns and accelerate renewal processes. Those activities will require streamlining and modernisation of legal systems and operations of the institutions serving urban and physical planning.
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