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Expression of genes coding for animal virus glycoproteins in heterologous systems

100%

Bienkowska-Szewczyk K., Szewczyk B.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

1999

tom 46

nr 2

The outermost layers of animal viruses are usually composed of glycoproteins. They are responsible not only for the entrance of viruses into, and release from host cells but also for the initial interaction of a viral particle with immunological defense of the host. It is therefore not surprising that many laboratories devote a lot of effort to study viral glycoproteins at the molecular level. Very often such studies are possible only after the introduction of a glycoprotein gene into a heterologous system. Expression of glycoprotein genes is usually obtained in mammalian or insect cells. Expression in mammalian cells yields viral glycoproteins with glycan chains indistinguishable from the original counterparts in virion particles but the level of synthesis of glycoproteins is very low. Vaccinia virus is the most common vector for expression in mammalian cells. It is easy to grow, the introduction of foreign genes is relatively simple and, due to the size of the vaccinia genome, it can accept large pieces of foreign DNA. Glycosylation in insect cells is not as complex as in mammalian cells and usually glycoproteins produced in insect cells are of slightly lower molecular mass than those produced in mammalian cells. The most common vector for expression of glycoproteins in insect cells is a baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The great advantage of this system is a very high level of expression of foreign genes.

Searching for palaeontological evidence of viruses that multiply in Insecta and Acarina

84%

Lovisolo O., Rosler O.

Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia

2003

tom 46

nr Suppl.

Viruses are known to be agents of important diseases of Insecta and Acarina, and many vertebrate and plant viruses have arthropods as propagative vectors. There is fossil evidence of arthropod pathogens for some micro-organisms, but not for viruses. Isolated virions would be hard to detect but, in fossil material, it could be easier to find traces of virus infection, mainly virus-induced cellular structures (VICS), easily recognisable by electron microscopy, such as virions encapsulated in protein occlusion bodies, aggregates of membrane-bounded virus particles and crystalline arrays of numerous virus particles. The following main taxa of viruses that multiply in arthropods are discussed both for some of their evolutionary aspects and for the VICS they cause in arthropods: A. dsDNA Poxviridae, Asfarviridae, Baculoviridae, Iridoviridae, Polydnaviridae and Ascoviridae, infecting mainly Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Acarina; B. ssDNA Parvoviridae, infecting mainly Diptera and Lepidoptera; C. dsRNA Reoviridae and Birnaviridae, infecting mainly Diptera, Hymenoptera and Acarina, and plant viruses also multiplying in Hemiptera; D. Amb.-ssRNA Bunyaviridae and Tenuivirus, that multiply in Diptera and Hemiptera (animal viruses) and in Thysanoptera and Hemiptera (plant viruses); E. -ssRNA Rhabdoviridae, multiplying in Diptera and Acarina (vertebrate viruses), and mainly in Hemiptera (plant viruses); F. +ssRNA Togaviridae, Nodaviridae, Tetraviridae, Flaviviridae and Picornaviridae, multiplying mainly in Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Acarina (animal viruses), and in Hemiptera the plant Marafiviruses; G. RNA-RT Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae, multiplying in Diptera and Lepidoptera. Fossil arthropods included in amber or similar material derived from plant resins, that had the ultrastructure preserved, would be the best material for viral palaeontological studies. Volcanic ash and carbon deposits could also give good preservation.

Ograniczanie wyników

1 Acta Biochimica Polonica

1 Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia

1 Bienkowska-Szewczyk K.

1 Lovisolo O.

1 Rosler O.

1 Szewczyk B.

1 2003

1 1999

Wyniki wyszukiwania

Expression of genes coding for animal virus glycoproteins in heterologous systems

Searching for palaeontological evidence of viruses that multiply in Insecta and Acarina