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This study was aimed for removal of phenol from water using activated carbon synthesize from avocado kernel seeds by adsorption onto it. For adsorption process cleaned and washed avocado kernel seeds (Persea americana) were dried at 100°C in an oven overnight and carbonization was carried out by increasing the furnace temperature at a rate of 5 °C/min to a final temperature of 800 °C for 160 minutes. Then, the activated carbon was powdered and sieved, washed with distilled water until the solution pH reached 7.0. Optimization of activated carbon was performed through effects of solution pH, contact time; initial phenol concentration and temperature of the adsorption. The kinetic studies of the adsorption process were achieved by verifying various models and the data obtained was best fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isotherms models were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin to validate the adsorption process. It was found that Langmuir model was best fitted to the obtained result for both adsorbents.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the kinetics and thermodynamics of phosphate removal from model solutions on the surfaces of some selected adsorbents. The data obtained were analyzed using two reaction-based kinetic models and a diffusion-based model. In order to examine the extent to which diffusion participates in this adsorption process, the data were processed by the Weber-Morris mass transfer model. The Freundlich model represented a slightly better description of phosphate adsorption onto slovakite and GEH¹⁰⁴ than onto clinoptilolite-rich tuff, while the Redlich-Peterson model yields a better fit for phosphate adsorption onto clinoptilolite-rich tuff. Adsorption onto montmorillonite proceeds best using the Sips isotherm model. The calculated ΔG° values show that under standard conditions the adsorption of phosphate onto all adsorbents examined occurs spontaneously.
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