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Changes in selected serum components were investigated to elucidate metabolic profile in cattle naturally infected with T. annulata. Statistically significant increases were observed in the mean serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and creatinine kinase, and statistically significant decreases were seen in the mean serum contents of glucose, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, and phosphorus, along with a non-significant decrease in iron level in infected animals when compared with controls (uninfected). The study has shown that T. annulata infection in cattle is associated with profound biochemical changes.
Tropical theileriosis is considered one of the most economically important tick borne diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity to livestock. In the context of epidemiological studies on livestock in Egypt, this report investigated the spread of Theileria annulata among diseased farm cows (Bos indicus) over one year. Blood samples collected from 130 cows were investigated by routine staining and 64 samples were investigated by PCR assay using two different probes targeting tams-1 gene. Microscopy revealed the infection of 33.8% of animals with Theileria while PCR detected infection in 51% of animals with one primer pair and the other primer pair detected the infection in 31% of animals. Combined PCR results indicated the infection of 68.8% of animals with T. annulata. Seasonal fluctuation of parasite infection was evident with the highest infection percentage and prevalence recorded during summer based on both microscopy and PCR data. For the first time, the current study reports the presence of two T. annulata isolates based on tams-1 gene partial sequence in Egypt. Targeting polymorphic genes for parasite detection may result in underestimation of infection and target gene diversity has to be considered. The high infection with these pathogens in the clinically ill cows necessitates implementing serious programs to minimize their economic burden on the Egyptian farming industry.
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of theileriosis on the cardiovascular system in cattle. Blood samples were collected from 50 cattle naturally infected with Theileria spp. (before and after treatment) as well as from 30 non-infected cattle. Hematological parameters and the serum concentrations of total cardiac troponin I (cTnI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) were measured. Also coagulation parameters, plasma levels of activated partial thrombo plastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and D-dimer were measured. The presence of anemia and the levels of cTnI, CK-MB, CK and AST indicated statistically significant differences between infected and healthy cattle, but no statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in DD levels at the end of the study. Reduction in anemia and reduced levels of cTnI, CK-MB, CK, AST, APTT and PT were also found in post-treatment analyses. The results indicate that anemia, coagulation disorders and hypoxia in theileriosis in cattle can induce myocardial tissue damage.
The presence of potential vectors, ticks, and susceptible hosts of bovine malignant theileriosis in all parts of Iran pose a real threat to food animal industry. The present study was conducted to determine the infection rate of ticks collected from naturally occurring bovine theileriosis in West and North-West Iran. Two hundred and thirty seven cattle suspected of suffering from theileriosis were investigated for the presence of Theileria annulata in the blood smears and any tick species on their body. In this study, 402 ticks were obtained from 99 cattle. The examination of 402 ticks by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers derived from the gene encoding heat shock protein70 (Hsp70) revealed that 39.9% of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 3.5% of H. asiaticum asiaticum, and 18.2% H. anatolicum excavatum, were infected with T. annulata. The results suggest that H. a. anatolicum may play a major role in transmission of T. annulata infection in Iran. Finally, digestion of the PCR products of T. annulata with two different restriction enzymes produced only a single pattern.
This study was carried out on cattle to detect the seroprevalence of theileriosis and babesiosis around the Antakya province. A total of 214 randomly selected cattle were examined from selected locations for Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and B. divergens. Blood samples were collected from the cattle by jugular vene puncture to obtain sera for IFAT. Thin blood smears were prepared from the punctured ear veins of each animal. The blood smears were stained with 5% Giemsa's stain and examined microscopically at 100 × magnification. None of the Babesia species was detected but T. annulata observed in 5 (2.33%) blood smears. The sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to the T. annulata, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and B. divergens by IFAT. Antibodies were detected against T. annulata in 24 and B. bigemina in 2 sera of the tested 214 cattle. Antibodies for B. bovis and B. divergens were not detected in any sera. It has been concluded that detailed molecular biological, serological and epidemiological studies needed to clarify the genetic and antigenic diversity of the blood parasites in Turkey.
An affinity purified Babesia bigemina piroplasm antigen was successfully employed in a Dot-ELISA for detection of antibodies in buffaloes and catle. A low degree of cross-reactivity was seen against putative B. bigemina (Mexican) and B. bovis undiluted reference serum and no cross-reactivity was observed in seru dilutions of 1:10 and above. Theileria annulata did not show any reactivity with B. bigemina. The assay detected antibodies at 7, 14 or 21 days post-experimental infection in bovine calves with 37.5, 87.5 and 100% seroreactivity, respectively. The incidence of B. bigemina infections was found highest in cattle (19.91) as against 7.4% in buffaloes out of 486 sera samples, examined from Boophilus microplus infested areas from Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh States.
In the present study, we aimed to provide information on the serum content of sialic acids (TSA, LBSA, and PBSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in cattle affected with naturally acquired theileriosis and anaplasmosis. A total of 55 Holstein cattle, comprising of 15 clinically healthy control animals, 20 cattle with theileriosis, and 20 with anaplasmosis, were used. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, Giemsa stained blood or lymph node aspirate, and PCR assay. For the PCR assay, Tams 1 primers were used. The obtained results suggested that the concentration of sialic acids and ADA activity were significantly higher; and TAC were significantly lower in the theileriosis and anaplasmosis groups in contrast to the control group. In conclusion, the increased level of sialic acids and ADA in theileriosis and anaplasmosis may be attributable to the stimulation of the host immune response. In contrast, the reduced level of TAC may reflect a decrease in the antioxidant capacity.
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