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Aphis spiraecola is a recently found pest on apple in Bulgaria, where it develops in the absence of secondary hosts. The aphid has displaced the native species Aphis pomi DeGeer in some regions of the country. Its development, from newborn nymph to adult female takes, in laboratory conditions, 9-10 days at 22-24°C or 6-7 days at 28-30°C. The average fecundity of one female at both temperatures is 9.5-10.5 nymphs. Under field conditions, in May and July of 2007 and 2008, the full development lasted 8.1-8.6 days of average, and the average fecundity of one female was 20.7-21.2 nymphs. About 67% of them became adults, but more than 20% of the females died without having progeny. Theoretically, the species could develop twenty and more generations per the vegetation period of apple.
controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on mycorrhizal coloniza­tion, nutrient acquisition, and growth of Physocarpus opulifolius, Spiraea japónica and Potentilla fruticosa was investigated in a container experiment. The AMF treat­ments consisted of a commercial inoculum Endorize-Mix and non-inoculated (non- AMF) control. Compost was mixed with peat at different rates (0, 10 and 20% v/v). The CRF was applied at 100 and 50% of the manufacturer's recommended rate. Shoot fresh weights of all three species were affected by mycorrhizas the first year they were grown in containers. Differences between AMF and non-AMF plants were less significant in the second year. In the first year, species growth response to AMF in­oculation was positive for P. fruticosa, which was not dependent on CRF rate and compost addition to substrate. Species growth response to AMF inoculation ranged from neutral to negative in the first year for P. opulifolius and S. japonica depending on the CRF rate and compost addition to substrate. Mycorrhiza development was generally supported by increasing the rate of compost in peat substrate and suppressed under the recommended rate of CRF. AMF inoculation affected P content in plant tissue of all species, with a higher P content in AMF than in non-AMF plants, regard­less of the rate of CRF. However, the increased level of mycorrhizal colonization caused by AMF inoculum and higher phosphorus content in the leaves of all tested species did not correspond with higher biomass of plants. The greater participation of compost was in peat substrate, the more phosphorus and potassium contained all tested species. Shoot nitrogen content was not affected by AMF nor compost addition to peat substrate.
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