Along to alarm calls, Eurasian ground squirrels of the genus Spermophilus also produce other call types toward potential predators and rival conspecifics. Individually identified 50 speckled (Spermophilus suslicus), 18 European (S. citellus) and 59 yellow (S. fulvus) ground squirrels were examined for interspecies differences in their vocal repertoires. A separate sample of 116 (90 adult and 26 juvenile) S. suslicus was examined for presence of ultrasound in their alarm calls. In addition, all tonal calls in all the three species were checked for presence of nonlinear phenomena. Calls were elicited by approaching animals in live-traps or near burrows; some types of vocalizations were also recorded during handling. Eight call types, three tonal and five wideband ones, were described. Vocal repertoires were remarkably similar between species, excluding the alarm calls, which were species-specific. Alarm calls with ultrasonic components were found in two individuals of S. suslicus. Concerning nonlinear phenomena, biphonation in alarm calls of S. suslicus, frequency jumps and sidebands in screams of S. citellus, frequency jumps and subharmonics in screams of S. fulvus were found. Results are discussed with literature evidence on audible and ultrasonic vocalizations in ground squirrels.
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