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Two new species of Sarcocystis, Sarcocystis ramphastosi sp. nov. and Sarcocystis sulfuratusi sp. nov. are described from a naturally infected keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus). Only sarcocysts were found and they were mature. Sarcocysts of S. ramphastosi were up to 3 mm long and up to 1 mm wide. The sarcocyst wall was smooth. The villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall of S. ramphastosi were up to 6.5 µm long and up to 3 µm wide; they were folded over the sarcocyst wall giving a thin-walled appearance. The microtubules in villar protrusions were smooth and confined to villar protrusions. Bradyzoites in sections were 4-4.5 × 1.3-1.6 µm in size. Sarcocysts of S. sulfuratusi were up to 900 µm long and up to 200 um wide. The sarcocyst wall was smooth and thin-walled. The villar protrusions were up to 4.3 µm long and 1.4 µm wide. The microtubules in villar protrusions extended deeper into the granular layer of the sarcocyst wall and those in the granular layer were more electron-dense than in the villar protrusions. Bradyzoites were 5.0-7.0 × 1.5-2.2 um in size.
The tissues of herbivores are commonly infected with cysts of parasites belonging to the apicomplexan genus Sarcocystis, but such sarcocysts are rare in bears. Here, we describe a new species, Sarcocystis arctosi, based on the mature sarcocysts identified in two brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Alaska, USA. Microscopic sarcocysts (37–75 × 20–42 μm) had thin walls (<1 μm). The outer layer of the sarcocyst, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm), was wavy in outline and had minute undulations that did not invaginate towards the sarcocyst interior; these undulations occurred at irregular intervals and measured up to 100 nm in length and up to 60 nm width. The ground substance layer beneath the pvm was smooth and lacked microtubules. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites measured 5.6–6.8 × 0.7–1.8 μm. A major portion of nuclear small subunit rDNA sequence obtained from these sarcocysts was similar to that previously obtained from the hepatic schizonts of a S. canis-like parasite from polar bears (Ursus maritimus).
Two new Sarcocystis species found in muscle fibres of the diaphragm of a hippopotamus in South Africa are described by light and electron microscopy. Sarcocystis hippopotami sp. n. forms macrocysts (4-10 x 0.66-1.10 mm) with a parasite-induced encapsulation of the host muscle fibre in which the plasma membrane of the latter remains unaltered. The sarcocyst wall represents a new ultrastructural type, characterized by thumb-like villar protrusions with a compact central bundle of microtubules in the core. The bradyzoites (15.6 x 2.2 µm) are straight and slender. Sarcocystis africana sp. n. forms round microcysts (diameter 0.5-0.7 mm) representing a new type of the cyst wall ultrastructure which is characterized by irregularly semicircular or rectangular villar protrusions with granular and fibrillar content. The bradyzoites (9.5 x 3.1 µm) are straight and plump.
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