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The morphology of infective third-stage larvae of Rhabdias bufonis, R. rubrovenosa, R. sphaerocephala, R. fuscovenosa, R. elaphe, Entomelas entomelas and E. dujardini is described. The sheath structure in the studied larvae appeared to be similar to that described in other species of the family Rhabdiasidae, its chequered aspect being caused by a combination of outer longitudinal striations and inner longitudinal as well as transverse ridges. The larvae were similar in general morphology but differed in the presence/absence of anterior apical protuberances (pseudolabia), the shape and ornamentation of the tail tip, and the structure of lateral alae in the caudal region of the body. No relationship between the morphological characters of the larvae of the studied species and their taxonomic position or specificity of adult parasites to a particular host group was observed. Regardless, the larvae of each species can be identified by a combination of morphological peculiarities in the anterior and caudal regions of the body.
Free-living and parasitic larval development of the snake parasite Rhabdias elaphe Sharpilo, 1976 was experimentally studied. The life cycle of the species included homogonic and heterogonic ways of development. Free-living population of R. elaphe consisted of rhabditoid larvae, adult males and females of the free-living generation and infective larvae of both homogonic and heterogonic types. Homogonic stages predominated in the cultures with the average ratio of 10.9:1. In the free-living generation males were more numerous than females (average ratio 2.6:1). Matricidal hatching was not observed in the development of free-living generation's offspring. Homo- and heterogonic infective larvae were similar in morphology. Juvenile grass snakes (Narix natrix) were experimentally infected per os by R. elaphe infective larvae. Exsheathed third-stage larvae were observed in the body cavity of experimental hosts on the seventh day post infection. Late third-stage larvae and subgravid parasites were obtained from the same site 7-18 days post infection.
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