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Radiolarians are widely distributed in two siliceous intervals that coincide with the Tithonian–Berriasian and Santonian–Campanian boundaries in the Mesozoic of the Russian Arctic and Pacific Rim. The first level is rich in organic matter and typical of Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary strata from the Russian North European Margin (Barents−Pechora, Volga−Urals, and Siberian hydrocarbon provinces, as well as western Kamchatka). Abundant and diverse representatives of the family Parvicingulidae provide a basis for establishing the new genus Spinicingula (uppermost Middle Volgian–Lower Berriasian); another new genus, Quasicrolanium (Upper Volgian–Upper Berriasian) is also described. A Santonian– Campanian siliceous interval with radiolarians is documented from the margins of northern Asia (eastern Polar Ural, Kara Basin, Kamchatka). The Boreal genus Prunobrachium makes its first appearance at the Santonian–Campanian boundary and reaches an acme in Campanian strata. Radiolarian data can be used for basin biostratigraphy and correlation, as well as palaeogeographical interpretation of these hydrocarbon−rich facies. The Arctic and northern Pacific rims are well correlated on the basis of parvicingulids, while in Sakhalin these are absent and calibrations are based on Unitary Associations zones of the Tethys. In addition to the two new genera noted above, five new species (Parvicingula alata, Parvicingula papulata, Spinicingula ceratina, Lithostrobus borealis, and Spongurus arcticus) are erected, while 60 radiolarian species typical of the Russian Arctic and Pacific rims are illustrated.
Glacial erratic boulders of the Ostseekalk type, late Caradoc in age, contain spumellarian radiolarians with their skeleton substituted by iron minerals secondarily oxidized to goethite. Species of both the Inaniguttidae, characterized by the presence of a small spherical central shell, and Entactiniidae, with a transverse central bar, have been identified. A similar radiolarian assemblage, but with original siliceous skeletons preserved, has been identified in a graptolitic lirnestone boulder, early Ludlow in age.
Radiolarians from Sites 845 and 1241 in the eastern equatorial Pacific were examined in order to evaluate the role of paleoceanographic perturbations upon the general faunal evolutionary pattern of tropical planktonic organisms during the last 17 Ma. Radiolarian appearance and extinction rates indicate no periods of mass extinctions during the past 17 Ma. However, a relatively rapid replacement of the species in the radiolarian assemblages occurs near the middle–late Miocene boundary. This replacement event represents the gradual extinction of a number of radiolarian species and their gradual replacement by evolving new species. The modern equatorial circulation system was formed near the middle–late Miocene boundary due to the closure of the Indonesian seaway. The minor faunal turnover appears to be associated with the formation of the modern equatorial circulation system near the middle–late Miocene boundary. Diatom assemblages in the equatorial Pacific became more provincial in character after about 9 Ma. The appearance and extinction rates of planktic foraminifers were relatively high near the middle–late Miocene boundary, and those of calcareous nannoplankton reached high values in the early late Miocene in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Thus, faunal evolution from the middle Miocene type to late Miocene types occurred first, being followed by floral evolution. The middle–late Miocene boundary is not a sharp boundary for planktonic microfossils, but marks a time of transition critical for faunal and floral evolution in both siliceous and calcareous microfossil assemblages in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
The radiolarian species Astroentactinia paronae, A. stellata, Trilonche echinata, T. grandis, T. nigra, Haplentactinia inaudita, and H. rhinophyuosa are common in late Frasnian to early Famennian rhythmic, calcareous−marly sequence of the southern Holy Cross Mts., Poland. They are known also from coeval abundant siliceous biota assemblages from the carbonate shelf of East European Platform including more than 150 taxa of radiolarians. However, in ecological terms, the moderately diverse Polish microfaunas (34 species of 12 genera) are more similar to these from Kolyma and Alaska, also marked by abundance of sphaerical entactiniids and near−absence of bilateral−symmetric Ceratoikiscidae and Palaeoscenididae. A succession of two distinctive siliceous sponges associations is established in the incipiently submerged Holy Cross carbonate platform: from an ephemeral, diverse, mostly rigid−skeletal lithistid−hexactinosan foreslope assemblage (initial phase of the late Frasnian Kellwasser Crisis), to long−lasting, basinal loose−skeletal hexactinellid−demosponge faunas (appearing abundantly just prior the Frasnian–Famennian boundary in the late Palmatolepis linguiformis Zone). Such regional blooms of marine siliceous biotas, parallel to temporary retreat of calcareous biota, are demonstrated worldwide for the Kellwasser Crisis. These suggest probable causal links with cooling pulses and at least regional, volcanically induced eutrophication.
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