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Gills of carangid fishes in Australian waters are dominated by a diversity of polyopisthocotylean monogeneans. This study updates current knowledge of polyopisthocotyleans from carangid hosts in waters along the Queensland coast of Australia and also off New Caledonia. The discovery of Protomicrocotyle celebesensis Yamaguti, 1953 is the first record for the genus in Australian waters and represents a new geographic location for the species, extending its distribution from Sulawesi, Indonesia and Hawaii to Australia. Furthermore, Caranx ignobilis and Carangoides fulvoguttatus are reported as new host records for P. celebesensis. Carangoides gymnostethus is recorded as a new host for Heteromicrocotyla australiensis Rohde, 1977 from a new geographic location, namely Lizard Island, Queensland. Heteromicrocotyloides mirabilis Rohde, 1977 is reported from the gills of C. fulvoguttatus off Lizard Island, Queensland representing a new geographic record. Heteromicrocotyloides megaspinosus sp. nov. is described from the gills of C. fulvoguttatus from Lizard Island, Queensland and New Caledonia. The new species is distinguished from H. mirabilis by the larger number and size of spines in the male genital corona. Gonoplasius carangis was collected from Pseudocaranx dentex at Heron Island, Queensland. Gonoplasius longirostri is synonymised with G. carangis due to overlap in measurements and similar morphology. The number of ‘dorsal pits’ in this taxon may not be a useful character because they can be cryptic and hard to see. Most hosts from which these two Gonoplasius species have been collected previously have been synonymised as Pseudocaranx dentex except Caranx ascensionis which is now considered to be C. lugubris. Our report of G. carangis from P. dentex at Heron Island, Queensland is a new geographic record.
Scanning electron-microscopic (SEM) studies of the egg and oncomiracidium of Zeuxapta seriolae showed the following: the egg has a single filament at the pole opposite the operculum, its surface is smooth except for small rounded protuberances on the shell, and the fracture line between operculum and shell of the main part of the egg has numerous irregular transverse elevations. The non-ciliated surface of the oncomiracidium has many irregular folds, and ciliated cells bear many short microvilli between the cilia. Cilia taper towards the tips. Transmission electron-microscopic (TEM) studies of the cilia and epidermis of the oncomiracidium showed that both ciliated cells and non-ciliated epidermis are nucleated, in contrast to findings on Monopisthocotylea. Ciliated cells are separated by lateral cell membranes connected by septate junctions, there are surface microvilli, many cristate mitochondria, and cilia have single horizontal (anteriorly directed) hollow rootlets. In the ciliary tips, the number of microtubules gradually decreases, and apical parts of cilia have a diameter of about 1/4 of that of the more basal parts. The non-ciliated epidermis also contains mitochondria, as well as deep evaginations of the basal lamina. Phylogenetic implications are discussed. Presence of nuclei in the larval epidermis cannot be due to delayed shedding of nuclei as a result of neotenic development as suggested for polystomes, because Zeuxapta does not have neotenic development. It may be a synapomorphy of the Polyopisthocotylea. Further studies of additional species must show whether tapering ciliary tips and a reduction in the number of axonemal microtubules are a synapomorphy of all Monogenea, and whether presence of false vertical rootlets of epidermal cilia is a synapomorphy of the Monopisthocotylea.
Flame bulbs are formed by interdigitating terminal and proximal canal cells. There are many internal but few (or no) external leptotriches. The proximal canal has a septate junction and a reticulate (vacuolated) wall. The internal surface area of the distal capillaries (and possibly of parts of the proximal capillaries) is increased by lamellae. The cilia of the flame bulb and the lateral flames are few, and there is no well defined excretory bladder. The terminal part of the distal capillary is in contact with the surrounding surface epidermis by a septate junction. Flame bulbs of the oncomiracidium of Zeuxapta differ from those of adult monogeneans mainly in their smaller size and a smaller number of cilia. Comparative analysis of literature data shows that there is an increase of the number of cilia in the flame bulbs of monogeneans with increasing body size to a size of about 2.5 mm² (length x maximum width).
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