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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) in the blood of susceptible animals, tested in the frame of the BT national monitoring programme. The rRT-PCR assay was applied to virological examination of animals imported from BT-affected countries. On December 5, 2007, the BTV RNA was detected for the first time in blood samples of seropositive cattle from Germany. So far, the presence of the RNA was detected in 37 samples of blood collected from German cows and in one sample taken from Dutch fallow deer. The presence of viral RNA was also found in the blood taken from a 4-week-old calf born from BT positive dam imported from Germany. It was an evidence of the vertical transmission of BTV. The long persistence of BTV in blood of infected animals was demonstrated. The viral RNA was detectable as long as one month after the first collection. Taking into consideration the above results, the implemented virological monitoring tests, in parallel with the surveillance studies, should be continued to monitor the actual BT status in Poland.
Understanding the interaction between the bluetongue virus (BTV), the Culicoides vector and the ruminant host is essential to control bluetongue (BT). This triangle of interaction can be understood individually at the level of the virus, the level of vector and the host level. BTV-vector-host interactions involve physiological and ecological mechanisms, and they have evolved under a specific set of environmental conditions. Recent advances in understanding this interaction include increased knowledge of the virus replication cycle, BTV immunology and pathogenesis in the vertebrate host, as well as the virulence and pathogenicity features of newly discovered BTV serotypes. To understand the virus-host-vector interaction, new molecular biology techniques and experimental infection biology methods have been widely used. The next-generation sequencing, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the virus, and development of novel infection models and refinement of the existing BTV experimental infection methodologies have proven very helpful. This progress in biotechnology has also made it possible to develop new-generation BTV vaccines, such as disabled infectious single cycle (DISC) vaccines and disabled infectious single animal (DISA) vaccines. However, several questions still need to be answered, such as those concerning cellular pathways involved in the induction of innate immunity and the function of NS4 in the BTV replication cycle. In addition, the identities of specific molecular determinants and the role of quasi-species diversity in determining BTV phenotype are still unclear and should be better explained.
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