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1
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Lindstroemiidae and Amplexocariniidae (Tetracoralla) from the Middle Devonian of Skaly, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

100%
Fedorowski J.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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1965
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tom 10
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nr 3
Six species, of this number 2 new ones, and a new subspecies, all of them belonging to the family Lindstroemiidae Počta, as well as one species of the family Amplexocariniidae Różk., from the Lower-Givetian brachiopod shales from Skały, Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie), Poland, are described.
2

Middle Devonian conodont, ostracod and miospore stratigraphy of the Grzegorzowice-Skaly Section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

100%
Malec J., Turnau E.
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences
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1997
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tom 45
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nr 1
3
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Multi-snail infestation of Devonian crinoids and the nature of platyceratid-crinoid interactions

100%
Baumiller T. K.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2002
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tom 47
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nr 1
The well−known association of platyceratid snails and crinoids typically involves a single snail positioned on the tegmen of the crinoid host; this has led to the inference of coprophagy. Two specimens of the camerate crinoid Arthroacantha from the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio, USA, exhibit numerous snails on their tegmens. On one of these, 6 platyceratid juveniles of approximately equal size are found on the tegmen. On the second crinoid, the largest of 7 infesting platyceratids occupies the typical position over the anal vent while others are either superposed (tiered) upon it or are positioned elsewhere on the tegmen. These specimens illustrate that platyceratids (1) settled on crinoids as spat, (2) were not strictly coprophagous during life yet (3) benefited from a position over the anal vent.
4
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A new Middle Devonian heterocoral from Spain

100%
Fernandez-Martinez E., Tourneur F., Lopez-Alcantara A.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2003
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tom 48
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nr 4
Most of the heterocorals described up to now from strata older than Famennian are of doubtful affinities. Numerous specimens of the new genus and new species here described were collected during a sedimentological study of the Santa Lucía Formation in La Pola de Gordon (León province, Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain). Stellaphyllia luciensis gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by cylindrical coralla, with a diameter of less than 2 mm and more than 2 cm long, having stellate to more or less rounded outer profile. Four to six septa, less frequently seven, are cojoined axially by a short oblique septum. The few tabulae present are steeply arched. The microstructure of the septa and interseptal elements shows thin elongate microlamellae parallel to a median plate which is granular in appearance. The new genus dated to the lower Eifelian age could be important in understanding the early phylogeny and origin of the order Heterocorallia.
5
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Revision of the flexible crinoid genus Ammonicrinus and a new hypothesis on its life mode

80%
Bohaty J.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2011
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tom 56
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nr 3
The lecanocrinid Ammonicrinus(Flexibilia) is newly interpreted based on new material from the Middle Devonian of the Rhenish Massif (Eifel and Bergisches Land, Germany). The species have echinoid−like tubercles on the attachment and on the column, which bear articulated spines. The intraspecific variability of the column is discussed for three facies−controlled morphotypes, herein classified as standard “exposed−” or “encased roller−type” and the rare “settler−type”. New specimens have floating transitions between different plate sculpturing and between those individuals with none or one to several columnals with herein termed “lateral columnal enclosure extensions” on the proximal−most, barrel−like dististele and the following mesistele, which is solely distinguished by these extensions. Based on this interpretation, Ammonicrinus kongieli is evaluated as a subjective junior synonym of Ammonicrinus sulcatus. The latter species was first recognised from the Eifel (Germany). “Ammonicrinus wachtbergensis”, from the upper Eifelian of the Eifel, is declared a subjective junior synonym of Ammonicrinus doliiformis. The first nearly complete specimen of Ammonicrinus kerdreoletensis is described from the lower Eifelian of Vireux−Molhain (southern Ardennes, France). Two new species are described: Ammonicrinus jankei sp. nov. and Ammonicrinus leunisseni sp. nov. A functional morphologic trend in perfecting the crown encasement by continuous modification of the lateral columnal enclosure extensions of the mesistele from the Eifelian to the Givetian, indicates a vagile benthic “predator”−driven evolution of ammonicrinids in the Eifel area. Several ammonicrinid species are herein defined as spined soft−bottom dwellers, feeding in low−intensity current water, possibly through a self−produced water flow. The first known postmortem encrusting epizoans on ammonicrinid endoskeletons are reported.
6
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A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance

80%
Nardin E., Bohaty J.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2013
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tom 58
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nr 3
Rich echinoderm fauna from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Rhenish Massif, Germany) has yielded specimens of the rare recumbent pleurocystitid rhombiferans. Regulaecystis testudineus sp. nov. extends the stratigraphic range of the pleurocystitids to the Eifelian (Middle Devonian). Specimens show a strongly inflated and ornamented theca, which is unusual for the European pleurocystitids. Phylogenetic analysis of all described pleurocystitid genera suggests a close relationship of Regulaecystis with the other Devonian genera. Results indicate that the degree of inflation and of ornamentation of the theca can be interpreted as convergences within the pleurocystitids due to environmental conditions (such as surface consistency, hydrodynamism). R. testudineus sp. nov. was living as a strict epibenthic vagile organism; lying on muddy soft to firm substrates in quiet to agitated shallow warm water environments.
7
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A new genus of lungfish from the Givetian [Middle Devonian] of central Australia

80%
Clement A. M.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2009
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tom 54
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nr 4
A new Dipterus−like lungfish, Harajicadipterus youngi, is described from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) Harajica Sandstone Member of central Australia. The material is comprised of five specimens representing the skull roof, orbital bones, tooth plates, operculogular bones, a partial pectoral girdle, centra and scales. Harajicadipterus can be distinguished from other dipnoans by its long postorbital cheek, broad B bone, lack of contact between E and C bones, and radiating tooth rows with some denticles evident between the rows. Results of a cladistic analysis of 81 characters for 33 dipnoan taxa resolved Harajicadipterus below the holodontid clade but as more derived than Dipterus and the chirodipterid clade.
8
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Genus Ammonicrinus (Crinoidea) from the Middle Devonian of the Holy Cross Mts (Poland)

80%
Piotrowski A.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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1977
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tom 22
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nr 2
Crinoid genus Ammonicrinus is represented by two species, A. sulcatus Kongiel and A. kongieli sp.n., in the Grzegorzowice - Skały and Świętomarz - Śniadka profiles of the Middle Devonian in the Holy Cross Mts. The presence of barrel-like columnals of a limited mobility in distal part of stems and the development of wide tuberculated external cover indicate that both species represent sessile benthos. In A. sulcatus stem was connected with crown through modified columnalium. The crown was equipped with short arms which could take food in a space limited to the interior of coiled part of the stem. The food was supplied by current parallel to the bottom. The structure of crown and stem suggests that all Ammonicrinus species represent the same evolutionary stage.
9
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Soft-tissue attachments in orthocerid and bactritid cephalopods from the Early and Middle Devonian of Germany and Morocco

80%
Kroger B., Klug C., Mapes R.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2005
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tom 50
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nr 2
In the Early to Middle Devonian shale sequences of Germany and Morocco, pyritised and secondarily limonitised cephalopod remains are common. Details of the soft−tissue attachment structures are sometimes preserved on the internal moulds of the body chamber and phragmocone of these cephalopods. Some of the studied Orthocerida show a very faint annular elevation and a dorsal furrow. A few Bactritida show a distinctive annular elevation with two circular bands. The bands form a paired or threefold lobe at the dorsum of the shell. Morphological differences between Orthocerida and Bactritida suggest different soft part morphologies. A comparison of the attachment scars shows that the Bactritida are intermediate between the Orthocerida and ammonoids with regard to their muscle attachment scars. The shape of the muscle scars are interpreted as indication for a planktonic lifestyle in Orthocerida and a comparatively active, nektonic lifestyle in Bactritida and ammonoids. The new genus Acanthomichelinoceras is erected. Acanthomichelinoceras commutatum, Cycloceras sp., Bactrites gracile, Bactrites sp. A, Bactrites sp. B, and Bactrites sp. C are described.
10
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Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

61%
Huang J., Liang K., Wang Y., Kershaw S., Jeon J., Li Y., Qie W.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2022
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tom 67
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nr 3
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