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Females of many socially monogamous bird species engage in — or even actively seek — copulations outside their social pair bond. However, in socially monogamous birds with low breeding abundance, such as the Red-backed Shrike, extra-pair paternity (EPP) was thought to be an exceptional and random incident. Drawing on samples collected in an unusually dense Red-backed Shrike population in the Czech Republic, we show through DNA microsatellite typing that among 65 chicks from 15 nests, 10 individuals (26.5%) had been sired by males other than the nest-attending social mate. All 10 extra pair young were of male sex. In all cases, genetic fathers of extra pair young stemmed from neighbouring territories. Extra pair fathers had significantly longer tarsi than social mates, indicating that female choice was a function of age-class dependent male body size. Our findings support sex allocation theory, which suggests that promiscuous females mating with higher quality males should produce mostly sons.
The species composition of mesostigmatid mites in the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio and great grey shrike Lanius excubitor nests was studied in the Wielkopolska Region (Central Poland). Totally 15 samples (bird nests) were collected in May 1999. As a result of that study 81 mites were identified and classified to 13 species. The most numerous species was Alliphis halleri.
The Red-backed Shrike and the Barred Warbler are a pair of species engaged in breeding association. Whilst the arrival time of both species from their wintering grounds was not correlated, they differed in median arrival time by only one day. The majority of the Barred Warbler territories were located within those of the Red- backed Shrike, in both forest and farmland plots. Both species differed significantly in their selection of nest sites, at least in farmland. Unlike to the Red-backed Shrike (n = 297), the Barred Warbler (n = 60) preferred blackberry bushes and small deciduous thomless shrubs, and avoided elder, coniferous and hawthorn. The Barred Warbler nests were placed significantly lower than those of the Red-backed Shrike. The results show that no special ecological relationships exist as was suggested in earlier papers for other areas.
The co-occurrence of Redbacked Shrikes (Lanius collurio) and Barred Warblers (Sylvia nisoria) was monitored during the years 1999–2003 at 343 ha of agricultural landscape of eastern Poland. Each year 25–31 pairs of Red-backed Shrikes and 3–8 pairs of Barred Warblers were nesting. In total, during five seasons, shrikes were nesting in the vicinity (within 50 m from the centre of the Barred Warbler territory) of 22 out of 24 (92%) warbler territories. The breeding success of the pairs nesting close to Barred Warbler territories was 89%, as compared with 61% for the remaining pairs and it was statistically significant. No difference was found in the clutch size between Redbacked Shrikes nesting close to Barred Warblers and far from them, but statistically significant difference was found in numbers of fledglings between them. The present results imply that close nesting of these two species reduces the risk of nest predation. This may be due to the aggression of Barrred Warblers towards potential predators, as this species actively attacks predators near the nest.
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