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Latest Famennian (UD−VI, “Strunian”) brachiopod fauna from Kowala (Kielce Region, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) consists of eighteen species within 6 orders, eleven of them reported in open nomenclature. Characteristic taxa include: Schellwienella pauli, Aulacella interlineata, Sphenospira julii, Novaplatirostrum sauerlandense, Hadyrhyncha sp., Cleiothyridina struniensis. New morphological details of Schellwienella pauli, Sphenospira julii, and Aulacella interlineata are provided. The described latest Famennian brachiopod fauna is distinctly richer than that from underlying upper Famennian deposits (11 species within 4 orders). Majority of species from Kowala seem to have been adapted to deep water settings and/or poor nutrient availability. The stratigraphic separation between Planovatirostrum in the UD−III to UD−V and Novaplatirostrum in the UD−VI observed in Sauerland and in Thuringia is valid also in the Holy Cross Mountains. This is the first comprehensive report of a relatively diversified latest Famennian brachiopod fauna from surface outcrops of Poland.
Occupying cereal stubble-fields weed flora is the most characteristic of the environmental (especially soil) conditions. Because of its developing and accomplishing the reproductive stages there it can threatens cultivated plants. They are considered to complete the seed store in a soil by 393 mln per ha. The results presented in the paper concern the species composition, number and constancy (S) and indice of coverage (D) of the cereal stubble-field weed species on various soils in the Kielce region (the central part of Poland). The report was based upon 885 phytosociological records collected in the 268 stands. The records were carried out after the crop harvest, in the latter part of September, in 1976-1980. Soil were chosen on the base of soil maps. The analyse of soil samples, taken at the investigation process, were done in order to confirm the soil quality. The worked out material was divided into three parts. The first part, including 369 phytosociological records collected in the 112 stands (in 90 localities) concerns stubble-field weeds on podzolic and brown soils developed from sands (loose, weakly loamy and loamy) and loams (light and medium). It was found that these soils were grown by 108 (loamy sands) to 132 (weakly loamy sands) weed species. Among them 66 species were common for all of the soils. Species composition was not differentiated by the soil type (brown, podzolic) within kind of the- soil (sand or loams). Among soil examined, the brown loams was the most abundant with species of high constancy degree (30 species) but brown loose sands and podzolic loamy sands was the poorest one with (16 species).
The weedy status of the cereal stubble-fields on a fertile soils (podzolic and brown developed from silt of water origin and loess as well as chernozem) were asessed. The 243 phytosociological records, collected in 69 stands situated in 63 localities, were worked out. The species composition, number and constancy (S) and indice of coverage (D) of weed species are presented in the report. There were from 113 (podzolic loess) to 142 (brown loess) weed species on the edafic sites considered. The short-lived predominated among them (62-65 %). The great floristic similarity was stated within the weed species occupied the investigated soils. The 88 species (including 27 perennial) were common for the each of them. From 24 to 37 species demonstra- ted high (V-III) constancy degree, but only 5-12 along with high (over 200) indice of coverage.
The weed flora growing stubble-fields area is determined by soil features. Weeds found in cereal stubble-fields on black soils formed from sands and loams, medium and haevy alluvial soils as well as brown and chernozem rendzina soils are presented in the paper. The 273 phytosociological records were worked out. They were collected from 87 stands situated in 76 localities of Kielce region. The results showed that species number and species composition were dependent on the soils (black, alluvial, rendzina). The existance of 118 (medium alluvial soil) to 140 (brown rendzina soil) weed species, including 73 common for all of the soils considered, was found there. Relatively high per cent (29-35) of them belonged to perennial weeds. From 22 (brown rendzina soil) to 35 (heavy alluvial soil) of species reached high constancy degrees (V-III). Stellaria media, Myosotis arvensis. Polygonum aviculare, Agropyron repens and Cirisium arvense predominated on the all of the soil examined. Among the weed flora registered, 25 species, recorded only on rendzina soils, were distinguishable for that soils.
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