The extinct rabbits, Hypolagus beremendensis (Kormos, 1930) and Hypolagus brachygnathus (Petényi, 1864) were the most abundant European representatives of Hypolagus (Leporidae, Archeolaginae). In Poland their fossil remains are known from rich accumulations filling karst forms of the Kraków-Wieluń Upland and Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Review of the Polish Plio-Pleistocene (Ruscinian to Biharian) material from seven localities and the description of new specimens from six localities are given. The history of research on the Central European Hypolagus is summarised and the emended differential diagnoses with synonymy are provided for each species, accompanied by descriptions of the type material. On the basis of over 11,000 specimens, the quantitative analysis (descriptive statistics and ANOVA), as well as the detailed study of tooth enamel pattern (P2 and p3 morphotype analysis) and the bone morphology were conducted, which enabled to assess the intra- and interspecific variability. H. beremendensis, the smaller and gracile species persisted from the Late Pliocene (MN 15, Węże 1 locality) to the earliest Pleistocene (Kamyk locality). In Kamyk it co-occurred with the larger, robust, and predominant H. brachygnathus, which survived in Poland until the end of the Biharian (Zalesiaki 1A locality). Palaeoecology and adaptations of both species and the possible causes of their extinction are discussed.
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