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Czasopisma help

  1. 2 Sylwan

Autorzy help

  1. 2 Skwiercz A. T.

  2. 1 Dziegielewska M.

  3. 1 Zapalowska A.

Lata help

  1. 2 2018

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Nicienie entomopatogenne w lasach i szkółkach leśnych

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Skwiercz A. T., Zapalowska A.
Sylwan
|
2018
|
tom 162
|
nr 12
There are many serious pests in forest nurseries, which can be killed by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) applied to soil. The paper presents a method of biological control, which is appropriate for destroying harmful insects, and is an alternative to chemicals−based approach. Both, the rules and technical conditions concerning the application of biological preparations for insects control are discussed. Facing the problem of excessive chemicalization, especially in the forest nurseries, the authors, in accordance with EU Directives, reviewed the opportunities for biological methods of forest crops protection against seven of the most harmful species of insects. Selection of EPNs for control of a particular pest insect is based on several factors that include the nematode’s host range, host finding or foraging strategy, tolerance of environmental factors and their effects on survival and efficacy (temperature, moisture, soil type, exposure to ultraviolet light, salinity). The most critical factors are moisture, temperature, pathogenicity for the targeted insect, and foraging strategy. Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Insect Pests from the genera Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae cooperating with mutualistic bacteria were described accurately in this paper. They are capable of killing a broad range of insects. Applied to the soil, they can persist long in the environment and moreover they improve the soil quality. However, along with all the benefits, disadvantages of presented method were also discussed. Namely the abiotic conditions, technique, and limitations of their effectiveness. We presented a list of commercially produced EPNs, which are currently in use in Poland. We also reviewed the World’s literature on the successful use of EPNs and discussed aspects of their commercialization. The wider use of biological preparations containing EPNs should be implemented in the near future.
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Współwystępowanie nicieni owadobójczych i szkodników drzew w zbiorowiskach leśnych w północnej Polsce

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Dziegielewska M., Skwiercz A. T.
Sylwan
|
2018
|
tom 162
|
nr 12
Repeating outbreaks of the Scots pine pests, effecting in stands damages, are the most important problems of forest protection. In extreme cases they pose a real threat to the stability of stands. Naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes are important regulatory factors in insect populations. Many species are employed as biological agents to control the insect pests. The objectives of this research was to describe the influence of potential forest pests on occurrence and abundance of entomopathogenic nematodes. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) were studied in woodland soils in northern Poland. Soil samples were collected from 2010 to 2015 from coniferous forests with abundant suitable insect hosts: the beetle grubs of Melolontha melolontha L. living in the soil (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and foliage feeders Diprionidae spp. (Hymenoptera) and the caterpillar of Dendrolimus pini L., Panolis flammea Den. et Schiff. and Bupalus piniarius L. butterflies. Nematodes occurred in all type of forest and 171 soil samples were taken from 40 localities. Each study plot was approximately 100 m² and 20 cm deep; 50 individual samples were taken using Egner’s stick, making the bulk sample approximately 600 cm 3 in volume. The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes in the soil samples were determined using a standard Galleria mellonella baiting technique. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from 52 soil samples (30,4%). Three species of the genus Steinernema (Steinernema feltiae, S. affine, S. silvaticum) and anyone of the genus Heterorhabditis were recorded. S. feltiae was the most common species and distinguished by the largest ecological flexibility especially to hosts. The largest number of S. feltiae samples was isolated in the places of butterfly outbreak P. flammea and also in the places of mass occurrence of beetle grubs of M. melolontha. In the feeding places of beetle of Scarabaeidae a high share of S. affine was noted too. The more rarely noted was S. silvaticum especially in outbreak of Diprionidae spp. The most abundance of entomopathogenic nematodes community was 140 000 ind./m² in sites with M. melolontha grubs.
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