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Cupressus Linn., commonly known as ‘cypress', belongs to the family Cupressaceae. It consists of 20 species with a wide and discontinuous distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. In the present study, three species, namely C. torulosa Don., C. arizonica Greene and C. glabra Sudw., growing in the western Himalayan region of India at an altitude of 1760 m. have been studied. This is a preliminary attempt where embryology is used in estimating seed quality and in seed testing. Seed quality was analysed according to five (0-IV) seed classes based on the presence of the embryo and endosperm and their nature of development in the seed-cutting test. Seeds having neither embryo nor endosperm belong to class ‘0'. In class ‘I' seeds contain the endosperm but a shrivelled embryo or sometimes no embryo. Class ‘II' contains seeds with an embryo of half-length of the embryo cavity and class ‘III' seeds containing an embryo of at least three-quarter length of the embryo cavity. Seeds with completely developed full embryo were assigned to class ‘IV'. However a high percentage of seeds of classes 0-III present in seed lots from particular trees of a species decrease the quality of seeds. Similarly a high percentage of seeds of class ‘IV' improves the seed quality of a given tree selected as plus tree for germplasm collection.
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For several years, authors of the present paper have been observing specimens of cypresses of the genus Cupressus planted in Szczecin and its vicinity and within the area of the agglomeration of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot as well as in some botanical gardens and arboreta. The work is a collection of materials from long-term observations and a moderately complete study on cypresses grown in the northern and central part of Poland. In this respect, the present publication fills a gap in dendrological knowledge in our country. The authors have analyzed 6 taxa in total, assessing the possibility of their cultivation in Poland. Also species cultivated in Western Europe and other parts of the world are presented, as a reference to conditions and species grown in Poland. Most species presented in the paper had not been grown in Poland until recently, with the first specimens planted in the 1970-ties. Many of the described species produce flowers and cones and tolerate the Polish climatic conditions well; even temperature drop below –26ºC (winter 2005/2006) did not induce serious injuries and a decrease in their vitality. The species reported in this article as cultivated outdoors in Poland include Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus glabra (most commonly; both represented also by cultivars), Cupressus bakeri, Cupressus semprevirens, Cupressus stephensonii, Cupressus montana. Authors assume that the first three species can be successfully cultivated in Polish climatic conditions especially in places with suitably warm microclimate. The latter ones are represented only by single specimens growing in specific locality (very close to the open sea) so their hardiness have to be further investigated.
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