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Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2008 at the Złotniki Experimental Station of Poznań University of Life Sciences. The aim of this study was to determine leaf and ear disease severity on spring triticale as affected by irrigation variant, tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization. The occurrence and severity of symptoms of diseases caused by fungal pathogens on spring triticale largely depend on weather conditions. The least conducive conditions for the development of fungal diseases occurred by the year 2008, in which there was no signs of their presence. Sprinkling irrigation increased infection of spring triticale by Blumeria graminis. Direct drilling in comparison to conventional tillage system, increased infection caused by Puccinia recondita on the flag leaf and by Cladosporium herbarum on ear, but only in a single year of study. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased leaf area damaged by fungal diseases.
Eight fungal species characterized by chitinolytic activity were isolated from Egyptian black sand collected from Rosetta coast. Genus Aspergillus and Alternaria alternata exhibited the highest density (> 40% of the total count, each) on the isolation plates containing different treatments of native shrimp shell chitin. Genus Aspergillus was represented by A. flavus, A. niger, A.foetidus and A. ungius, with the former species being the most dominant. The other species were Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium equisitum (5.71% of the total count, each) and Dendryphiella vinosa (3.21% of the total count). The isolated species were screened for chitinase production on agar plates containing 0.2% colloidal chitin. The chitinolytic activity of each individual was not always correlated with its density on the isolation plates. Alternaria alternata was the most promising species for chitinase excretion. The use of colloidal chitin (1.5%) as a sole carbon source was superior for the enzyme production by A. alternata. Maximum enzyme yield was obtained after 7 days incubation at 30°C with shaking (150 rev min⁻¹), with an initial pH value of the growth medium at 5.0. Presence of NaN0₃ (0.3%), the best nitrogen source, and CaCl₂ (100 pg/ml) stimulated the induction of the enzyme. The crude A. alternata chitinase revealed a potential insecticidal effect on the larvae of fruitfly (82% mortality) and could degrade crude shrimp shell waste.
Mycological investigations were carried out in areas of intensive vehicle traffic (intersections) in Cracow. The results indicated considerable concentrations of fungi spores in the air at sites with heavy traffic (highest at 7007.0 spores/m3). At the control site, two hundred meters from an intersection, the number of fungi spores was several times lower (2802.8 spores/m3). Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium viridicatum and P. lanosum, Aspergillus versicolor and A. fumigatus, and Alternaría alternata were noted at all sites examined.
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