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The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of serum antibodies to C. psittaci in workers at 8 stock farms located in a rural area of eastern Sicily. Serum samples from 188 workers and 160 controls were tested for immunoglobulin IgA, IgG and IgM direct against C. psittaci by microimmunofl uorescent test (MIF). Seropositive subjects were defi ned as those with IgG titres of 1:16-1:256, and seronegative subjects as those whose titre was <1:16. To rule out the presence of cross reactive antibodies, testing was also performed for C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. A total of 28 (14.9%) subjects studied met the criteria for seropositivity to C. psittaci. Two of the 188 (1.06%) had an IgG titre of 1:32, 16 (8.51%) an IgG titre of 1: 64, 6 (3.19%) an IgG titre of 1:128 and 4 subjects (2.12 %) demonstrated an antibody titre of 1:256. The high prevalence rate of C. psittaci antibodies among farmers suggests that this infection is spread in those subjects living in areas with an high percentage employed in rearing activities. The authors stress the importance of carrying out health surveillance in subjects working in close contact with animals receptive to infection, and confirm the need to adopt a serological test, such as MIF as a preventive measure for activities at risk.
Examinations were carried out in 46 intensive farms in northern China to investigate avian Chlamydophila psittaci. Five hundred and twenty-five avian sera were selected for examining antibodies to C. psittaci by ELISA. One hundred and fifty-five clinical samples from throat swabs and oviduct tissues were tested for the presence of chlamydial antigen using IDEIA™ PCE chlamydia dual amplification immunoassay, and 60 samples were tested by ompA gene-based PCR. C. psittaci antibodies were detected in 387 (77.8%) out of 525 serum samples, with seroprevalences ranging from 50% to 100%. Among the tested samples, 98/150 (65.3%) in broilers, 173/210 (82.3%) in ducks, and 116/165 (70.3%) in laying hens were detected to be positive, respectively. Using PCE-ELISA test kits, in 91 out of 155 clinical samples the presence of antigen was confirmed, while 64 samples were negative. Forty-three PCR's were tested as positive out of 60 samples, while 17 samples were confirmed to be negative. Both higher positive antibodies and the presence of antigens were found in avian flocks associated with typical clinical signs suggestive of chlamydiosis. This study showed a severe prevalence of C. psittaci among different species of domestic birds in China.
Daring a study on Trypanosoma equiperdum propagation in adult male Wistar rats, four rats died spontaneously. Two of the dead animals were subjected to post mortem examination. From different organs of the rats, chlamydiae were isolated and confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing as Chlamydophila psittaci. The results show that infection with Chlamydophila psittaci may occur in laboratory rats. Such outbreaks may have influence on the results of experimental studies. Chlamydial infections in laboratory animals also pose risk to humans (zoonosis).
The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies in captive birds at the Wildlife Rescue Center, Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Nature Center, Quezon City, Philippines. Blood was collected from 36 birds of different species and the presence of antibodies against C. psittaci was detected using an ELISA-based test kit. 25% of the samples demonstrated antibodies against C. psittaci. The results of this study confi rmed the presence of C. psittaci antibodies among the captive birds examined.
The following species of the family Chlamydiaceae are the most important in causing asymptomatic or symptomatic infections in swine: Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila pecorum, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydia suis. Mostly they cause asymptomatic infections or to an unknown percentage they participate in the etiology of multifactorial syndromes, usually with other species of facultatively pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Chlamydiaceae in pigs are not exclusive etiological agents of strictly defined diseases, as for example Chlamydia trachomatis in causing trachoma in humans, but are associated with different pathologies such as: conjunctivitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, polyarthritis, enteritis, return to estrus, abortion, mummification of fetuses or piglets before parturition, or abortion, delivery of weak piglets and increased perinatal or neonatal mortality. The mentioned chlamydial species also contribute to inferior semen quality. However, in comparison with infections or diseases of pigs caused by other microorganisms, Chlamydiaceae are at present considered as rather less important pathogens. Whether this evaluation is a proper one has to be considered in the future, since diagnostic laboratories rarely routinely investigate specimens from swine for Chlamydiaceae. In the review diagnostic tests for the identification of Chlamydiaceae were mentioned as well, with an indication of their diagnostic value. In the introduction, remarks concerning the taxonomy of Chlamydiaceae were presented.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2010
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tom 66
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nr 09
s.584-587,bibliogr.
Properties of chlamydia organisms were presented, including their unique growth cycle. Changes in the taxonomy were characterised. The changes are due to the use of molecular biology and the analysis of the genes 16S and 23S rRND. As a result, the order Chlamydiales contains now at least four families. Among them is the family Chlamydiaceae with two genera: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. The genus Chlamydia includes C. trachomatis, C. muridarium and C. suis, whereas the genus Chlamydophila comprises Cp. pneumoniae, Cp. pecorum, Cp. psittaci, Cp. abortus, Cp. caviae, and Cp. felis. Cp. psittaci causes avian chlamydiosis and Cp. abortus is responsible for ovine chlamydiosis. Moreover, these species and other above-mentioned species participate in causing pathological syndromes of polyetiological character. Also swine are susceptible to these syndromes. Therefore, as a rule, this animal species suffers only from infections by chlamydia in which also other microorganisms participate and not from chlamydiosis caused exclusively by one species of chlamydia, as birds or sheep. Clinical sings of pathological syndromes caused jointly by chlamydia and other microorganisms in swine are: pneumonia, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, pericarditis, abortion and other reproductive disorders, also in boars. Antibiotics effective in chlamydial infections of swine were mentioned. Vaccines are not available. Diagnostic laboratory methods were characterized. The methods have been improved by the introduction of PCR, which makes it possible to identify chlamydia species directly from clinical specimens.
The Superb Lyrebird is a sexually dimorphic passerine that although is not considered endangered, it has been declining in population size since the 1940s due primarily to urban development. Recent reports suggest that lyrebirds may be threatened by chlamydial infection. We studied levels of faecal infection by two microparasites in lyrebirds: Chlamydophila psittaci and Escherichia coli in the Sherbrooke Forest, south-eastern Australia. Fresh faecal samples were obtained from 33 lyrebirds (15 adult females, 13 adult males and 5 juveniles) — estimated of 27.5% of the population, all of them tested negative to Ch. psittaci. E. coli prevalence was compared between adult males and females and no difference was found. This result is expected, for instance, if E. coli is sexually transmitted and lyrebirds are promiscuous. Trends for juveniles to be more parasitized than adults were detected, but they were statistically not significant. Behavioural analyses of video footage indicate that E. coli infected birds did not allocate more or less time to any of the activities considered than did non infected birds. This might suggest that E. coli infection in lyrebirds is relatively benign, and behavioural effects may thus be subtle. No significant differences were found in specific measurements of foraging behaviour but non infected birds tended to scratch more frequently than infected birds.
In this paper, some facts have been discussed that could be important for the understanding of how the chlamydial pathogen spreads within the bird flock and to humans. The presented report has been based on pathological findings and interpretation of the results of diagnostic tests, obtained at chlamydial infection in a flock of parrots. In a two- week period, a high mortality in one flock of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) was reported. Adults as well as young older than 14 d died. The laboratory investigation confirmed the infection with Chlamydophila psittaci. In the same period two members of the owner's family showed signs of atypical pneumonia. The owner decided to eliminate the whole flock. Samples of blood and swabs from cloaca were taken before the birds were euthanised. A post-mortem examination was performed and samples from embryos and eggs were taken. For the confirmation of chlamydia infection, several different diagnostic methods were used: direct and indirect immunofluorescence, commercial immuno-enzymatic tests, isolation on chicken embryos and laboratory mice, as well as molecular detection. Avian chlamydiosis represents an important zoonosis in Europe. This is the reason for the necessity of developing more efficient methods for chlamydial disease control, and for setting up generally accepted rules in European and non-European countries.
In the present study we determined whether CpG motifs could be used as an immune adjuvant for the Omp-1 DNA vaccine against Chlamydophila psittaci, based on the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), to induce the protection in specific pathogen free chickens against an intranasal challenge. Six sequences of phosphorothioate-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) with strong immunostimulatory activity were designed to be examined. The CpG ODN with three GTCGTT repeats significantly promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased macrophage nitric oxide in a in vitro study. Birds vaccinated with CpG ODN and pcDNA3.1:MOMP induced moderate antibody response and higher lymphoproliferative stimulation while chickens primed-boosted with DNA alone did not. Furthermore, DNA vaccine plus CpG ODN accelerated chlamydial clearance in the spleen and lungs, and decreased inflammatory cellular infiltration. All above evidences show that CpG ODN can be used as an effective adjuvant with a DNA vaccine and this immunisation protocol resulted in an enhanced clearance of Chlamydophila psittaci.
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