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Oceanic dolphins (Odontoceti: Delphinidae) constitute the most speciose family of extant cetaceans, yet their fossil record is limited. Although several extinct species are known from Mediterranean and North Atlantic localities, there are few examples from deposits along the Pacific Rim. Despite the rich record of successive marine mammal fossil assemblages in the extensively sampled eastern North Pacific, only one fossil delphinid, Protoglobicephala (Pliocene, Baja California), has been described. We report globicephaline remains from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of Northern California, including a partial cranium and two isolated petrosals. The skull exhibits large ridges on the premaxillae, and cannot be referred to any extant globicephaline genus. Similarly, the petrosals cannot be referred to any described delphinid genus, although they are most similar to those of Globicephala. Linear regression analyses demonstrate that promontorium length and bony nares width scale significantly within delphinidans, and provide a new method for testing referrals of isolated fossil odontocete petrosals to taxa known only by crania. Applying this method to the new globicephalines from the Purisima Formation, we find the petrosals to be too small to represent the same taxon as the skull, thus indicating the presence of two separate species. Our results demonstrate that globicephalines had achieved a worldwide distribution by the early Pliocene, suggesting diversification of the subfamily by 5 Ma.
A new monogenean species Neoheterobothrium hippoglossini sp. n. from the gill cavity of Hippoglossina stomata Steindachner, 1876 is described and illustrated. The new species differs from its seven congeners in a number of morphological features and in having a different host. The validity of the genus Neoheterobothrium is discussed. Neoheterobothrium mcdonaldi Payne, 1987 is relegated from the genus and from the subfamily Choricotylinae and placed in one of the remaining subfamilies of the family Diclidophoridae.
There are remarkably few direct fossil records of Copepoda, which implies that current estimates of the lineage divergence times and inferences on the historical biogeography remain highly dubious for these small-sized crustaceans. The Cyclopidae, a predominantly freshwater copepod family with 1000+ species and distributed worldwide, has no fossil record at all. Recent collections from the middle Miocene Barstow Formation in Southern California resulted in ample material of finely preserved cyclopid fossils, including both adult and larval stages. To document the antennulary setation pattern in the adult and copepodid instars we used a coding system that is coherent between sexes and developmental stages. The majority of the cyclopid fossils, coming from saline lake environment, represent the modern genus Apocyclops, a euryhaline, thermophilic group occurring both in the New World and Old World. A new species Apocyclops californicus is described, based on the short medial spine and spiny ornamentation of the free segment of leg 5, spinule ornamentation of pediger 5, and well-developed protuberances of the intercoxal sclerite of leg 4. The presence of antennal allobasis and the features of the swimming legs unambiguously place the Miocene Apocyclops in the A. panamensis- clade, a predominantly amphi-Pacific group. The middle Miocene fossils with clear affinities to a subgroup of Apocyclops imply an early Miocene or Paleogene origin of the genus. Based on the geographic patterns of the species richness and morphology in Apocyclops and its presumed closest relative, genus Metacyclops, we hypothesize that: (i) the ancestor of Apocyclops, similar in morphology to some cave-dweller Metacyclops occurring today in the peri-Mediterranean region, might have arrived in North America from Europe via the Thulean North Atlantic bridge in the late Paleocene–early Eocene; (ii) Eocene termination of the Thulean land connection might have resulted in the divergence of Apocyclops from the Metacyclops stock.
Palaeoscolecidan worms are an important component of many Lower Palaeozoic marine assemblages, with notable occurrences in a number of Burgess Shale−type Fossil−Lagerstätten. In addition to material from the lower Cambrian Kinzers Formation and Latham Shale, we also describe two new palaeoscolecidan taxa from the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte of North Greenland: Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov and Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov. These palaeoscolecidans appear to be the oldest known (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) soft−bodied examples, being somewhat older than the diverse assemblages from the Chengjiang Fossil−Lagerstätte of China. In the Sirius Passet taxa the body is composed of a spinose introvert (or proboscis), trunk with ornamentation that includes regions bearing cuticular ridges and sclerites, and a caudal zone with prominent circles of sclerites. The taxa are evidently quite closely related; generic differentiation is based on degree of trunk ornamentation, details of introvert structure and nature of the caudal region. The worms were probably infaunal or semi−epifaunal; gut contents suggest that at least X. boreogyrus may have preyed on the arthropod Isoxys. Comparison with other palaeoscolecidans is relatively straightforward in terms of comparable examples in other Burgess Shale−type occurrences, but is much more tenuous with respect to the important record of isolated sclerites. These finds from Greenland provide further evidence that palaeoscolecidans possessed a complex anterior introvert directly comparable to a number of priapulid−like taxa from other Burgess Shale−type assemblages. Although these palaeoscolecidans have been allied with the nematomorphs, molecular data in conjunction with our observations suggest that this hypothesis is untenable. Palaeoscolecidans and similar priapulid−like taxa are probably primitive cycloneuralians and as such may indicate the original bodyplan of this important group of ecdysozoans. In addition, we describe another sclerite−bearing fossil from the Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte that may be related to the cambroclaves.
Subgenus Caverneleodes of the genus Eleodes is diagnosed and revised. Six new species from the United States: California (E. microps); Utah and Northern Arizona (E. wynnei), Central Arizona (E. wheeleri), Southern New Mexico (E. guadalupensis), and Mexico (E. thomasi and E. grutus) are described. The biogeography of the subgenus is discussed. Diagnoses and a key are provided to known species of Caverneleodes. Relationships with other Eleodes are discussed. Cave associated Amphidorini are surveyed.
Fourteen gastropod species from 16 Mesozoic hydrocarbon seep carbonate deposits of the Great Valley Group and Franciscan Complex in California are described. Two genera are new: Bathypurpurinopsis has a fusiform shell with a siphonal fold, and variable Paskentana has turbiniform or littoriniform shells with spiral and/or scaly sculpture and convex or shouldered whorls. Due to the lack of data on shell microstructure and protoconch morphology, many of our taxonomic assignments have to remain tentative at present. Species that are described as new include: Hokkaidoconcha bilirata, H. morenoensis, H. tehamaensis (Hokkaidoconchidae), Abyssochrysos? giganteum (Abyssochrysidae?), Paskentana globosa, P. berryessaensis, and Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni (Abyssochrysoidea, family uncertain). The total fauna represents a mixed bag of taxa that were: (i) widely distributed during the late Mesozoic (Amberleya); (ii) restricted to late Mesozoic seep carbonates in California (Atresius, Bathypurpurinopsis, Paskentana); and (iii) members of seep/deep−sea groups with a long stratigraphic range (abyssochrysids, hokkaidoconchids).
We examined the temporal variation in capture rates of shrews Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues, 1877) and Sorex ornatus (Merriam, 1895) in 20 sites representing fragmented and continuous habitat in southern California, USA. In N. crawfordi, the temporal variation was significantly correlated with the mean capture rates. Of the 6 landscape variables analyzed (size of the landscape, size of the sample area, altitude, edge, longitude and latitude), sample area was positively correlated with variation in capture rates of N. crawfordi. In S. ornatus, longitude was negatively correlated with variation in capture rates. Analysis of the effect of precipitation on the short- and long-term capture rates at 2 of the sites showed no correlation between rainfall and capture rates of shrews even though peak number of shrews at both sites were reached during the year of highest amount of rainfall. A key problem confounding capture rates of shrews in southern California is the low overall abundance of both shrew species in all habitats and seasons.
The Cryptoglossini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae) is revised. The species are relatively large beetles, which are irregularly distributed throughout much of the highly arid areas of Southwestern United States and Mexico. The tribe is composed of three monophyletic genera: Asbolus LeConte, Cryptoglossa Sober, and Schizillus Horn. Adult external and internal reproductive structures of the tribe are described and illustrated. Immature stages are described for Cryptoglossa muricata (LeConte), Cryptoglossa infausta (LeConte), Cryptoglossa asperata (Horn), Cryptoglossa spiculifera LeConte, Cryptoglossa variolosa (Horn), Asbolus verrucosus LeConte, Asbolus laevis LeConte, Asbolus mexicanus (Champion), Schizillus laticeps Horn, and Schizillus nunenmacheri Blaisdell. Keys are provided for the adult genera and species and for the known immature stages. A new subspecies, Cryptoglossa seriata cerralvoensis, is described from Mexico. Centrioptera Mannerheim is placed as a synonym of Cryptoglossa Sober. Asbolus LeConte is reinstated to replace Cryptoglossa (in part). Eschatoporis Blaisdell is removed to the Laenini (Lagriinae). A phylogeny, based on 50 adult and immature characters is proposed established on cladistic methodology. Phylogenetic relationships and systematic position of the subfamily, tribe, genera and species are examined. The biology of the species is discussed including ecological, morphological, and physiological adaptations to aridity. Ecological adaptations include strategies to acclimate to extreme environmental conditions: surface/subsurface daily and seasonal activity patterns, cavity utilization, substrate preference/restrictions (C. muricata, A. verrucosus, S. laticeps), euryphagous feeding habits, avoidance of interspecific competition. Adult and immature morphological adaptations include locomotory modifications relative to substrate utilization (i.e. larval madibular expansion in all Cryptoglossini) and heat avoidance modifications (i.e. subelytral/subpronotal cavities in A. verrucosus, A. laevis and A. papillosus. Physiological adaptations include high heat and wide humidity range tolerance (C. muricata and A. verrucosus), epicuticular lipids with high rations of straight-chain hydrocarbons (C. variolosa and A. verrucosus), long larval and adult life spans (seven years recorded for A. verrucosus). Specialized environmental adaptations include psammophily (A. verrucosus, A. papillosus and A. laevis, being respectively more adapted to psammophily, the last two restricted to sand dunes) and troglophily (S. nunenmacheri and A. mexicanus). Ecological importance (biomass) and economic importance of species is discussed. Predators and parasites of the Cryptoglossini are addressed. Catagoniopsis specularis (Aldrich and Weber), (Tachinidae) is recorded reared from both A. verrucosus and A. laevis. Defensive behavioral strategies include escape to shelters (Cryptoglossa), death feigning (all Cryptoglossa observed except C. asperata; most developed in Asbolus) and head standing (most immediate defense in all Cryptoglossa observed, absent in Asbolus and Schizillus except A. laevis).
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