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Anisakidae larvae belonging to the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova, are the most responsible for zoonosis transmitted by fish products (anisakidosis). Acquired by the consumption of raw or undercooked marine fish or squid, the anisakid larvae may cause pathogenic diseases like gastric or intestinal anisakiasis and gastro-allergic disorders. In accordance with current EU legislation, the fresh fish products must be inspected visually in order to detect the possible presence of visible parasites. It is recognized that the visual method is not accurate enough to detect the larvae of parasites in food preparations containing raw or practically raw seafood and it clearly emerges that the official system of control needs to be able to utilise an most efficient analytical technique. In this work, the authors have drawn up and validated an analytical method, which involves artificial digestion and the use of a heated magnetic stirrer, based on the EU Regulation n. 2075/2005. The larvae isolated are then subjected to morphological identification at genus level by using optical microscope. The method, proved to be suitable for the detection of live and dead larvae of anisakidae in ready-to-eat foodstuffs containing raw fish or cephalopods and it is fast and accurate. The method showed high levels of sensitivity and specificity, and the suitability of its use in official food control was confirmed. Its use should be incorporated systematically into specific monitoring programs for the control of foodstuffs containing raw fish products.
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Diagnostyka anisakidozy

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As the anisakiasis is considered a food-borne disease, the necessity of a proper diagnosis of human anisakiasis is accompanied by the proper diagnosis of fish anisakiasis, because the invaded fish meat may represent a potential source of Anisakis invasion for human. The authoress presents some problems of the diagnosis of human anisakiasis and the attempts of the development of efficient diagnostic methods for detecting fish anisakiasis. In view of the difficulties in parasitological diagnosis of human anisakiasis and the diagnosis based on the clinical findings, serodiagnosis would be potentially of a great value. From the available literature it appears, however that serological tests have not yielded a practical and totally reliable method for routine application. Just recently Desowitz et al., 1985 reported that radioallergosorbent test could serve as a useful techuiqne for the serodiagnosis of human anisakiasis. Their investigations needed however further confirmation on a greater group of the individuals with chronic anisakiasis. Current methods of identification of the Anisakis larvae based on the morphological features are difficult and time consuming. Biochemical analysis to identify unique parasite constituents (like ascaroides in Ascaris) are not successful. Enzyme linked immuno assay procedure have been developed, but the interference by the other substances in fish flesh could not be eliminated. Therefore the goal of the investigations presented recently (Boczoń and Bier, 1986) was to develop biochemical techniques for detecing Anisakis in seafood looking for a metabolic changes that occur in invaded fish host. Like in trichinellosis or fasciolosis the uncoupling of the invaded by Anisakis fish muscle mitochondria was observed. Dependent on the intensity of invasion there is a significant increase of mitochondrial Mg++ - stimulated ATP-ase activity in fish muscle mitochondria isolated from different species invaded by Anisakinae nematodes. This activity can be used to estimate the number of nematodes per market fish. Anisakis simplex excretory-secretory products, which in Boczoń and Bier in vitro experiments also caused the mitochondrial ATP-ase activity in coupled rat mitochondria to increase, were found to be a potent inhibitors of rodent lymphocyte blast transformation (Raybourne et al., 1983) and may contain components which are active in in vitro tests for potential tumor promoters (Raybourne, personal communication).
We studied the parasitization by Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) of 40–52 cm from the Atlantic off north-west Africa and the Mediterranean off southern Spain. Infection parameters differed: The fish from the Atlantic showing a prevalence of 87.97% and a mean intensity of 4.69, while, in those from the Mediterranean, these were 41.27% and 1.73, respectively. In both samples the two-third larval stage types were isolated: Anisakis simplex sensu lato and Anisakis larvae type II, with prevalence of 85.71% and 30.83% in fish from the Atlantic and 41.27% and 1.59% for those from the Mediterranean, respectively. In both samples, the prevalence of larvae in viscera was clearly higher than in the muscle tissue. We also observed an increase in parasitization with increasing host length, those ≥ 46 cm having the highest prevalences (94.87% for those from the Atlantic and 58.33% for those from the Mediterranean; p<0.03).
Seventeen young harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena (L.), stranded or caught in fish nets in the southern Baltic the period 1989-1995, were searched for parasites. Four nematode species, Halocercus invaginatus (Quekett, 1841), Pseudalius inflexus (Rudolphi, 1808), Torynurus convolutus (Kühn, 1829) and Stenurus minor (Kühn, 1829), were found in their respiratory and vascular organs, and one trematode Campula oblonga (Cobbold, 1858) was recorded in the bile ducts of a single porpoise. Infection data are given. No nematodes were found in the digestive tract. Although Anisakis larvae occur sparsely in fish in the southern Baltic, the absence of Anisakis simplex in the porpoises studied is noteworthy.
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