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Development of e-business in the commercial sector of the European Union countries in 2003-2004 did not belong to the fastest. It was influenced by its structure, i. e. the dominating position of very small and small entities. In their article, the authors present the global comparative indicator, Scoreboard, calculated for the EU commercial sector. Its shape shows that the values of e-business indicators for the EU commerce sector (ICT network ties, internal business processes, online purchases and integration of supply chains and online sale) are lower than the mean values for the remaining nine EU sectors. However, there exist convincing premises inducing trade enterprises to invest in the ICT.
Comparison of the retail trade business survey indicators in Poland and in the European Union Member States was carried out with the help of two aggregate indicators: the Business Confidence Indicator and the Economic Sentiment Indicator. The business growth trends in the Polish and European trade were similar, whereas the business survey results in individual EU Member States were very much diversified, and the division of these countries into old and new did not matter.
The presence of symplasmic isolation and symplasmic continuity which are functional aspects of cell-to-cell communication, had been studied in cambium of Acer pseudoplatanus and Ulmus minor, with hope that uniqueness of this meristem, exemplified by its morphology and seasonal variations in its activity is also manifested in differences in the efficiency of communication between cambial cells during the year. The degree of symplasmic continuity was estimated by loading the fluorescent symplasmic tracer to the stem and following its distribution in a population of cambial cells observed on tangential, transverse and radial sections. In active cambium the tracer did not enter the rays. This suggested that the ray and fusiform cells, growing and dividing intensively at different rates were specifically isolated from each other. In the state of dormancy the tracer was present also in the rays implying continuity between the two types of cambial cells. Temporal restriction in tracer spreading from secondary xylem to cambial region was observed on transverse sections in both physiological states of the meristem. Higher degree of symplasmic isolation in active cambium is, most probably, associated with functional distinctiveness of ray and fusiform cells. We hypothesize further that the symplasmic continuity in dormant cambium results from the open conformation states of plasmodesmata, because the energy costs of these states are low. It is reasonable strategy when cambial cells do not divide and maintenance of their functional individuality is not necessary.
After the European Union enlargement in May 2004, new market conditions took place for the European enterprises, including SMEs. In the article, the authors present the results of surveys on expectations and threats, having in mind the fact of Union enlargement, at the part of SMEs from the old and new Union as well as a preliminary assessment of its consequences.
Small and medium enterprises have in the European economy an enormous social and economic importance, since they comprise approx. 99% of all enterprises in the EU, ensuring some 65 million jobs. Therefore, their development has systematically been monitored by the Commission, and the article presents the results of recent surveys. They were focused on the motives, difficulties, importance and benefits of the process of SME inclusion in the global European economy. The analysis covered SMEs in 15 'old' EU countries.
Application of the ICT technology in the business services sector in the EU countries has been growing faster and wider than in the commercial sector. Intranet, WWW and mobile systems are used particularly often. More popular is their use as regards the so-called performance services than the so-called intelligent services. E-business services have also started to develop very quickly in Poland.
The European Commission's surveys on the state of advancement of ICT technology in the European Union Member States' economies comprise also the tourist service sector. These surveys' results show that the IT infrastructure index is lower here than the average and that ICT is developing mainly in online sales where it is significantly higher that the average. Despite this, tourist services' susceptibility to automation is potentially very high in this sector; however, an obstacle is a vast number of businesses of the micro type and lack of trained personnel.
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