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In total, 1095 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from 282 patients with drug-resistant and 813 with drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in Poland during 2007–2011 were analysed. Seventy-one (6.5%) patients were found to have strains of Beijing genotype as defined by spoligotyping. The majority of patients were Polish-born; among foreign-born a large proportion came from Chechnya and Vietnam. Analysis showed strong associations between Beijing genotype infection and MDR, pre-XDR and XDR resistance, with a considerable relative risk among new patients, suggesting that this is due to increased spread of drug-resistant strains rather than acquisition of resistance during treatment.
Mycobacterioses are a constant problem in backyard poultry, as well as pet birds. To date, no evidence of direct transmission of atypical bacilli between humans has been demonstrated, but it cannot be ruled out that sick animals can be a source of infection for people in their environment. The aim of the study was to identify mycobacteria isolated from birds with diagnosed mycobacteriosis and to determine the susceptibility of mycobacterial isolates from these animals to antituberculous drugs most commonly used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections in humans. For drug susceptibility tests, drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, ofloxacin, capreomycin, cycloserine and ethionamide were used. A high degree of drug resistance was demonstrated, particularly in Mycobacterium avium. Isolates of Mycobacterium xenopi showed a relatively good susceptibility to the drugs tested. The drug resistance of Mycobacterium genavense has not been determined, but this mycobacterium was identified in ten cases, which is the second most frequent occurrence in the cases studied.
Sixty-one isolates of M. bovis (58 from cattle and three from wild animals) from eight regions of Poland were analysed. Molecular analysis was done using HAIN and spoligotyping methods. Drug susceptibility of the isolates to streptomycin, izoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide was tested by proportional methods on solid and liquid media. By spoligotyping, 47 (77%) isolates were identified as M. bovis subsp. bovis and 14 (23%) isolates were identified as M. bovis subsp. caprae. Eleven animals of the domestic cattle (18%) and all wild animals were infected by M. bovis subsp. caprae. Among cattle infected by M. bovis, 12 spoligotypes were identified, most of them not registered in the SpolDB4 database. The strains isolated from 15 animals of the domestic cattle were the same spoligo pattern. In conclusion, transmission of mycobacteria among the farm and wild animals has been suspected.
Since 2009, Poland has had a TB-free status, although over the last seven years 12-34 cases of bovine TB have been recorded annually. In 2009-2012 the largest number of cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae were culled in Masovian Voivodeship. Likewise, the largest number of sources of this zoonosis were recorded in that voivodeship. The vicinity of farms where bTB was found indicated that it could have been transmitted between their herds. The aim of this study was to characterise the molecular patterns of bovine bacillus strains isolated from cattle in Masovian Voivodeship and the molecular relationships between them. The material for microbiological examination came from 38 cattle (Bos taurus) located in 7 counties of Masovian Voivodeship. These 38 strains of MTBC were further identified as M. bovis (24 isolates; 63%) and M. caprae (14 isolates; 37%). A two-step genotyping analysis of the 38 MTBC strains identified 24 molecular patterns, closely related phylogenetically, which were assigned to 8 clusters of 2-6 strains. Sources of transmission were identified in 8 out of 13 herds examined in the 7 counties of Masovian Voivodeship. The results of the genotyping analysis excluded the possibility of TB transmission between different herds in Masovian Voivodeship. It was proved, however, that TB had been transmitted between animals bred on one of the farms.
Early identification of mycobacterial species is crucial for early diagnosis. PCR-multiplex method performed on randomly chosen 54 mycobacteria isolates originating from clinical samples was found to be an inexpensive, quick and reliable alternative for commercially available diagnostics tests. Although the results of gene probes identification performed by NTLDR were generally consistent with multiplex PCR, two mixed Mycobacterium bovis BCG/Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and a single misdiagnosis of M. tuberculosis with M. bovis were found. The routine application of multiplex-PCR has the potential to make diagnostics surveillance studies feasible.
Background. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease affecting humans and animals. It is caused by mycobacteria that are part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The etiological agent causing bovine tuberculosis is mycobacteria bovis: Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. According to the World Health Organization bovine tuberculosis is classified as direct zoonosis. Material and methods. The study material consisted of 129 MTBC strains isolated from Polish cattle, which were microbiologically analyzed. The resistance phenotype was tested for first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis in humans. The drugs included streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The MTBC strains tested in this study were isolated from cattle tissue post mortem so that the determination of drug resistance could meet only the epidemiological criterion. Results. Polish strains of mycobacteria bovis have not acquired environmental resistance despite the huge dynamics of changes in the phenotype of mycobacterial tuberculosis resistance. Strains classified as M. bovis are characterized by natural resistance to PZA, which is typical of this species. Conclusions. Drug resistance imposes the use of additional drugs. Drugs that are less effective than the basic drugs, drugs causing side effects more frequently and drugs that are much more expensive.
The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrence of Mycobacterium infections in psittacine birds kept in zoological gardens as well as in private aviaries in Poland based on the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the faeces of parrots. All samples taken were decontaminated with 5% oxalic acid. The material obtained was cultured onto L-J media and in BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Faecal smears on microscopic slides were stained with the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Altogether 546 faecal samples were examined: 121 (22.2%) from the parrots kept in private aviaries and 425 (78.8%) kept in zoos. The occurrence of Mycobacterium sp. in faecal samples was 13.9% (76/546). Seventy-three positive samples were demonstrated in zoos and three in private aviaries. The majority of Mycobacterium sp. identified was, however, of moderate pathogenicity for humans and animals. Among the isolated strains, the majority was Mycobacterium fortuitum (38 isolates). Mycobacterium avium was present in 16 samples. None isolate was found to be of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In order to detect the presence of Mycobacterium genavense, the samples were cultured onto Middlebrook 7H11 with Mycobactin J medium and PCR was performed. In total, 326 samples were examined (65 from private aviaries). Although PCR confirmed the presence of Mycobacterim genavense in 31 samples, the results of cultures were negative.
Systemic mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense was diagnosed in a 7-year-old captive lineolated parakeet (Bolborhynchus lineola). About a year before death, proventricular dilatation syndrome (PDS) was suggested, because of persistent regurgitations and intermittent diarrhoea. Necropsy examination did not show any signs typical of PDS and mycobacterioses. No caseous necrosis, but focal ulcerated overgrowth in the proventriculus, hypertrophy of intestinal mucosa and splenomegaly, was found. Primary neoplasia was suspected. The crucial examination was histopathology, which revealed changes typical of mycobacteriosis and the presence of numerous acid-fast bacilli. A real- time SYBR® Green PCR test was used and Mycobacterium genavense infection was diagnosed. The mycobacterium was also cultured on BD BACTEC™ 460TB 12B Middlebrook 7H12 medium.
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