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The author attempts a qualitative estimation of the matter delivery from basins to lakes on the basis of physical geographic parameters of the basin and hydrological features of the reservoirs. The analysis was made for 40 lake basins situated in the Iława, Chełmno-Dobrzyń and Mazurian Lakes Districts that represent an early glacial landscape (Fig. 1). The following features of the physical geographic environment are coinsidered to have an impact on the matter delivery to the basin: size of the lake basin, morphometry of the basin, drainage density, geological structure and soil conditions and methods of land use. The growth of the lake trophism depends on hydrological features of the basin itself, which may be the following: lake index, Shindler's index, type of the lake according to its water balance, and intensity of water exchange in the lake. The estimation of the effect of physical geographic environment on the matter delivery to the lake was based on the evaluation of features, carried out in such a way that the intensity of the analyzed process was evaluated on the scale 1-3 points, where 0 was a limited impact on the releasing of the area discharge, 1 - small influence, 2 - medium influence, 3 - great influence on the matter delivery to the lake. The final estimation consisted of the average of points from the summing of the evaluated features. Land use and lake index were ascribed double value, whereas the remaining features, i.e. morphometry of the basin, lithology of surface formations, Schindler's index, balance type of the lake and intensity of water exchange in the lake, were marked 1. Thus, four groups of lake basins of different degree of effect of physical geogriaphical environment on the releasing of biogenous matter were received (Table 9). Group one consists of the basins of limited capacity of the matter delivery to the lake (below 1.0), Group two consists of the lake basins of small capacity of the matter delivery to the lake (1.0-1.4). The third group includes basins that bear a considerable impact on the lake (1.5-1.9), and the fourth group comprises: baisins of great capacity of the matter delivery to lakes (above 1.9).
The hydrographic network of the young glacial areas is quite specific in view of the connections of rivers and lakes, and the role they play in the shaping of runoff. The young age of this network is evidenced by the significant share of lentic segments in the river courses, periodicity, significant share taken in the watershed structure by the areas with no surface outflow, and the longitudinal gradient stili not having stabilized in the evolution. The manner of development of the hydrological network within the confines of a catchment area can be represented with the method of network analysis, using Horton-Strahler classification for this purpose. The organisation of the thus ordered basin flows’ network model is ruled, in particular, by the law of the number of flows (expressed through the bifurcation index RB) and the law of mean flow length (expressed through the indicator of average flow length RL). The shape of the river network in a basin and the number of flows forming this network are not random, and so a certain regularity appears, along with a self-similarity with respect to the shape of the fluvial networks. This observation allows to propose that the river networks have a fractal dimension, which can be determined either on the basis of the Horton indices, or with the method of boxes. The Horton analysis of selected fluvial systems (Table 1) showed that all the systems considered satisfy the Horton’s laws of flow number and mean length, that the bifurcation indices RB and RL display a regional differentiation, and that some of the quantitative characteristics, describing the river systems analysed, are correlated among themselves at the significance level of p<0.05 (Figs. 1 and 2). Horton’s model does not describe, usually, the real fluvial systems, and so calculation of the fractal dimension on the basis of the statistical Horton’s laws may lead to erroneous results. The reliable results of fractal dimensioning of the river networks can be obtained with the box method (Table 1). Despite the fact that the analysed hydrographic networks are in the initial stage of development, we can already observe regional differentiation of the dependence between the fractal dimension value of the network and the catchment’s surface area covered by the network (Figs. 4 and 5). The fractal dimension of the fluvial networks considered is significantly statistically correlated with the characteristic discharges SSQ and WWQ. In case of SNQ this dependence is not statistically significant (Fig. 3). The association between the fractal dimension of the river network and the characteristic discharges is stronger in the Masurian Lake District than in the Lithuanian Lake District (Figs. 4 and 5). This would indicate a higher degree of hydrological consistency of the river network of the Masurian Lake District, its better adaptation to channelling of runoff.
In this paper the changes of the position of Great Masurian Lakes watershed in recent years are presented. These lakes are bifurcation system from which the outflow is regulated by dams installation on the Węgorapa river and Jegliński Chanel. The volume of outflow by Pisa river and Węgorapa river is variable and this causes the changes of both rivers' watershed position. In this article the changes of water level in lakes of mentioned system are discussed. On this basis there was concluded that present hydrographic situation in watershed zone of Pisa and Węgorapa rivers in Region of Great Masurian Lakes differs considerably from that assumed in Hydrographic division of Poland. In watershed zone there is an area without surface runoff, of which the area differs from 644,5 km² to even 2034 km² , depending on hydrologic year.
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