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The family-group name for the “fish blood flukes” is unstable, with both “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” and “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” in use for the single family. Although “Sanguinicolidae von Graff, 1907” (or. Graff, 1907.) has been a widely-accepted family-group name for the fish blood flukes subsequent to Yamaguti’s 1954 and 1958 synoptical publications (“Systema Helminthum”), a critical examination of the relevant literature, much of it published in German during 1900 through 1926, reveals that “Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912” is the earliest available family-group name for these flukes. The name Aporocotylidae, moreover, was in wide usage by alpha taxonomists before 1954 and by several authors between 1954 and the present time. We speculate that the recent long-standing uncertainty about the earliest available family-group name primarily stems from the (1) logistics of Ludwig von Graff’s tome published in 1904–1908, (2) bibliographic confusion between that work and another Graff work published in 1907 (both of which treat Sanguinicola but not Aporocotyle), (3) initial ambiguity regarding the phylogenetic relatedness of the first four aporocotylid species that were named, (4) lack of consensus on the status of Aporocotylidae and Sanguinicolidae and the genera included within them, and (5) misleading application of. Graff, 1907. to Sanguinicolidae by Poche in 1926, Fuhrmann in 1928, Yamaguti in 1954 and 1958, and subsequent review articles that treated fish blood flukes. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, Article 8.3), “Sanguinicolidae” was not made available by Graff because he disclaimed the name in the same, and only, work wherein he used the name (ICZN, Article 8.3). Sanguinicolidae was first made available in 1926 by Poche, who referenced Graff’s 1907 work. Hence, “Poche, 1926” comprises the correct authority and date for that family-group name, not “von Graff, 1907” or “Graff, 1907”. Since we presently accept only a single family for all fish blood flukes and abide by the Principal of Priority (ICZN, Article 23), we herein regard Sanguinicolidae Poche, 1926 as a junior subjective synonym of Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912.
Background. Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) are important pathogens in aquaculture, and because more fish species are being intensively cultured, more species of sea lice are recognized as pathogens. The aim of the present study was to gather baseline data regarding the effects of sea lice on a valuable sciaenid (Sciaenidae), the black drum, Pogonias cromis, by describing lesions associated with naturally occurring infections of Sciaenophilus tenuis van Beneden, 1855. Materials and Methods. Gross and histological examinations of copepods and lesions were made using light and scanning electron microscopy from samples collected from eight infected black drum captured in Mississippi Sound, northern Gulf of Mexico. Results. Adult females of S. tenuis were associated with a mucosal lesion on interopercula. Female copepods attached to folds of mucosa on the posterior half of interopercula with cephalothoraces directed anteriorly in parallel with the longitudinal axis of fish. All attached male copepods grasped the abdomen or genital complex of females and were not in contact with the host. Maxillipeds of female copepods were embedded in epithelium or subepithelial connective tissue and functioned as the primary attachment appendages. Epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis of subepithelial connective tissue, and chronic inflammatory infiltrates including presumed eosinophilic granular cells surrounded maxillipeds, indicative of long-term, focal, parasite-host interaction. Conclusion. Aquaculture managers should regard S. tenuis as a potentially serious pathogen if fish develop intense S. tenuis infections associated with extensive gross lesions.
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