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Pluripotent cells show the unlimited self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into the cell lineages originating from three germ layers. To date real pluripotent stem cell lines, able to generate germ line chimeras, have been established in rodents. Large domestic animals, especially pig, due to their considerable anatomical and physiological similarities with humans are thought to be convenient model to test potential of pluripotent cells in cell replacement therapy before their clinical use. However, creating pluripotent cells in domestic animals until now has met the limitations due to lack of evidence for germ line contribution. Therefore they can not be considered real pluripotent cells but rather putative embryonic or embryonic-like stem cells. Recently,much attention has been drawn to the reprogramming technologies which enable redirection of differentiated somatic cells to the pluripotent status. The aim of this review is to present the recent achievements in generating of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in domestic animals.
The aim of the present work was to determine the relative transcript abundance of the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) gene in long-term cultures (up to 18 days) of pig granulosa cells (GC) obtained from small (1-2 mm; SF-GC) and large (5-7 mm; LF-GC) follicles. GC were cultured in the presence of 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) and one of the following growth factors: leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or stem cell factor (SCF). The relative transcript abundance of the investigated genes was measured by real time PCR (RTPCR). In comparison with the control (medium only), LIF significantly increased (P<0.05-0.01) ERα gene expression in SF-GC after 3, 15 and 18 days of culture and after 12 days in LF-GC. The ERβ mRNA level in SF-GC was significantly decreased (P<0.01) by all of the investigated factors after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of incubation. In conclusion, expression of both types of oestrogen receptors during prolonged culture of pig GC under different conditions suggests the role of oestrogens acting via their receptors in maintaining survivability of porcine granulosa cells in vitro.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) applied alone or in combination with antiandrogen (flutamide) on proliferation, progesterone secretion and telomerase activity (TA) of pig granulosa cells (GC) derived from small (1-3 mm; SFGC) and large (5-7 mm; LF-GC) ovarian follicles. Cells were treated with investigated factors for 48 h. 5α-DHT stimulated (P<0.05-0.01) proliferation of SF and LF granulosa cells. Flutamide applied individually and in a combination with testosterone and DHT stimulated (P<0.05-0.01) proliferation of pig GC from small and large antral follicles. Flutamide had no effect on progesterone synthesis in small as well as in large follicle GC. Antiandrogen applied individually and in a combination with testosterone and DHT enhanced (P<0.05-0.01) telomerase actitvity in SF- and LF-GC. The results of the study suggest the involvement of androgen receptor in telomerase activity regulation in pig GC and a link between telomerase and the proliferation status of GC.
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