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Improvement on rice plant regeneration system from an embryogenic callus using two Malaysian indica rice MR 219 and MR 232 was developed in this study. Different stages of rice explants (zygotic embryos) were tested for callus induction and regeneration using various carbon sources and amino acids. The present study shows that dough stage of zygotic embryos was the best stage of explants for the embryogenic callus induction and regeneration of both rice cultivars. The embryogenic callus nature with the compact structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Inclusion of maltose at the concentration between 10 and 20 mg/L shown higher responsive for the development of green somatic embryos and initiation of rice regeneration with an average of 29–37 (87–91%) regenerated plantlets, respectively. All in vitro regenerated rice plantlets were green, morphological and physiologically healthy condition. Rice plantlets were hardened in acclimatization room for 3 weeks and later transferred into soil with 95% survival in both varieties were recorded. Hence, regeneration system from zygotic rice embryos via somatic embryogenesis system was carried out successfully by using 10 g/L of maltose and combinations of glutamine, asparagine and arginine amino acids.
To identify salt-responsive genes, we constructed a cDNA subtractive library from a salt-tolerant rice cultivar, MR219. Treatments of the whole plant were carried out with 150 mM sodium chloride for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. The extraction of total RNA from 14-day-old seedlings was conducted on the shoots and roots of both treated and untreated plants. The treated plants were utilized as ‘drivers’ while the untreated plants were utilized as ‘testers’. Equal amounts of the extracted total RNA from the 12 samples were pooled together and subjected to mRNA isolation. A reverse transcription of tester and driver cDNAs from the mRNA of two pools of the samples was conducted. In total, 300 clones were sequenced and analysed using bioinformatics tools. The 260 high-quality sequences were assembled and 83 contigs and 42 singletons were generated, producing a total of 125 UTs. The majority of the UTs showed significant homology with sequences in the NCBI database. A total of 330 gene ontology terms were grouped into three categories, of which 144 UTs fell under biological process, 108 fell under cellular component and 78 fell under molecular function. Also, RT-PCR was utilized to substantiate the elevation in expression of six candidate genes ((MR219SAP8 (JZ532324) and salT (JZ532363), low molecular weight heat shock (JZ532334), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione (JZ532371), Acetamidase (JZ532408), Ferredoxin- 1 and chloroplastic (JZ532374)) subjected to salinity stress at varying timepoints.
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