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The article presents the goals and recommendations for specific immunoprophylaxis in poultry flocks reared in Poland. The types of vaccines applied in the immunoprophylaxis of avian diseases as well as benefits and drawbacks of live and inactivated vaccines are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the efficiency of vaccinations is determined, to a significant extent, by the route of vaccine administration and that the period between two consecutive vaccinations should not be shorter than 10-14 days. In order to achieve the desired immunizing effect, it is necessary to determine a vaccination program optimal for a given flock, farm, or rearing area of the birds. Exemplary vaccination programs used in Poland for individual bird species, taking into account the current epizootic situation, are presented. Attention is also paid to the fact that the programs of specific prophylaxis are effective on condition that avian rearing is carried out in compliance with the designed technology, age-adjusted feeding and recommendations for bio-safety measures.
The first two cases of adenoviral hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys were described in Poland in 1987 and 1988. The first incidence was observed in turkeys aged 12 weeks, the second one in turkeys aged 16 weeks. The mortality rate among younger turkeys was 2%. In 16 week old turkeys pathogenic E. coli were also noted and the mortality rate was 2,2—3,4% daily. In both cases the virus was isolated from the duodenum and spleen after 5 subsequent passages in 6 week old sensitive turkeys. The presence of virus in the spleen was confirmed serologicaly by means of the agar gel immunodiffusion test.
2006 is the fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Olsztyn which is today one of fourteen faculties of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Thanks to the involvement and creative efforts of all its scientific, teaching and technical staff the Faculty has gradually developed and improved its pedagogic conditions as well as upgrading its research facilities. In 2003 the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was positively evaluated by the Polish National Accreditation Commission and, in 2005, by the Education Committee of the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education. The Faculty in Olsztyn belongs to the European education system which applies credit points (ECTS) and it also holds the first category for scientific studies. The article presents the genesis of the Faculty, its development and present state, organizational structure, scientific and teaching achievements.
Całość badań zrealizowano w dwóch częściach. W pierwszej części pracy - laboratoryjno-eksperymentalnej - scharakteryzowano w zakresie taksonomicznym, patogennym i właściwości immunogennych dwa pierwsze krajowe izolaty wirusa HE. Wykazano, że oba izolaty (HEV1 i HEV2) są identyczne, a pod względem morfologicznym oraz właściwości fizykochemicznych odpowiadają aviadenowirusom grupy II. Wirusy te w warunkach eksperymentalnych nie wywołują u indyków objawów klinicznych, choć powodują zmiany histopatologiczne w wielu narządach. W drugiej - terenowej fazie - prowadzono monitoring serologiczny stad oraz analizowano sytuację epizootyczną pod kątem wpływu zakażeń wirusem HE na zdrowotność indyków oraz efekty produkcyjne. Wykazano, że wirus HE jest szeroko rozpowszechniony, a powodując im­munosupresję wywołuje znaczne straty w chowie indyków.
In Poland, Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) was first isolated in 1987. Over nearly thirty years numerous studies concerning the pathology of HEV infection of turkeys were conducted at the Department of Poultry Diseases in Olsztyn. The results of these studies contributed to one postdoctoral dissertation, five doctoral dissertations and one master’s thesis, as well as numerous publications and papers presented at national and international conferences. Over time, through the use of state of art laboratory techniques, such as flow cytometry and molecular biology, it has been demonstrated that Polish isolates of HEV are low pathogenic, but they possess strong immunosuppressive activity; moreover, these viruses occur very frequently in turkey flocks and are involved in pathological conditions of turkeys in our country. It has been further demonstrated that even the HEV isolates which are low pathogenic cause a subclinical course of the disease which impairs both humoral and cell mediated immune mechanisms, leading to exacerbation of ongoing disease processes and decreased vaccine induced immunity development, which consequently cause large economic losses in the turkey industry.
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