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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) species belongs to the Hemp family (Cannabaceae), Cannabis genus. Hemp is considered as a species easily adapting to the changing environment conditions. It is characterized by plentiful of forms showing considerable biological and morphological differences and different economical value. Development of such big differentiation took place under the effect of geographical, climatic and soil conditions as well as human activity which aimed at developing and stabilizing important qualities of hemp. The collection of hemp genus held at the Institute of Natural Fibres in Poznań contains about 150 accessions. The collection holds both mono- and dioecious forms of hemp from zones represented by different soil and climatic conditions, local ecotypes and breeding lines with stabilized genotype that are exceptional in respect of one parameter, for instance Δ9THC, yield, quality of fiber, composition of fatty acids, etc. In 2000, the INF genetic resources were transferred to new facilities providing excellent conditions of storage. The long-term storage of seeds requires low air temperature, low seed moisture content (7–8%) and proper relative air humidity (below 55%). The air-dried seeds (7% of moisture content) are packed hermetically in a thermo-sealed aluminum foil and sent to core collection stored in a chamber at +4.0o C or to reserve bank where the 5-g samples are stored for a long time.
The Programme of Plant Genetic Resources Protection alongside the main task of preserving biodiversity plays also other roles. As a part of this programme, the collection holding over 130 hemp cultivars and genotypes is evaluated and being enlarged at the INF. Hemp was a prohibited crop in many European countries until recently due to the problem of drug abuse. Many valuable breeding materials and local populations were destroyed. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the cultivars and ecotypes of hemp for genetic and breeding research. The INF collection is thoroughly studied and the analyses of different parameters of accessions are conducted under both, greenhouse and field conditions as well as in the laboratory. Currently, the traditional use of hemp in Europe is marginal. The hemp raw material is mainly used in non-garment textile area, such as pulp and paper, automotive and construction materials industries. The Programme of Genetic Resources Protection ensures necessary and consequent evaluation of collected genotypes according to different parameters and direction of use. Therefore, the protection of genetic resources is a main element of breeding strategy for cultivated plants.
Konopie siewne (Cannabis sativa L.) należą do rodziny konopiowatych (Cannabaceae), rodzaju Cannabis i łatwo przystosowują do zmieniających się warunków wegetacji. Odznaczają się one dużym bogactwem form, o znacznych różnicach biologiczno-morfologicznych i o różnej wartości gospodarczej. Na powstanie tych różnic wpłynęły warunki geograficzno-klimatyczne i glebowe, a także człowiek, który starał się rozwinąć i utrwalić cenne cechy użytkowo-gospodarcze konopi. Instytut Włókien Naturalnych w Poznaniu posiada kolekcję składającą się z około 100 genotypów. Obejmuje ona formy dwu- i jednopienne konopi pochodzące z różnych warunków klimatyczno-glebowych, ekotypy miejscowe oraz rody hodowlane o ustabilizowanym genotypie, wyróżniające się jakąś cechą szczególną, np. zawartością Δ⁹ THC, plonem, jakością włókna, składem kwasów tłuszczowych.
In recent years we are witnesses of the growth of interest in agriculture, industry and environmental movements in reproducible plant materials, including fibrous hemp – a plant attractive both to the agriculture and many industries. In addition to traditional textile use, the use of hemp found, inter alia, in the paper industry, construction materials, automotive, energy, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Also in Poland, after the crisis, the growth of interest in hemp is demonstrated by the increase in area from 100 ha in 2003 to more than 1,600 ha in 2008. In Poland, work with hemp breeding started in 1946. At that time, the content of crude fiber in straw was only 14.3%. As a result of the multi-breeding work out this contents grew to 25–30%. The first the Polish monoecious hemp variety, entered in 1968 in the Register of Varieties is Białobrzeskie. This variety of high economic value has successfully grown to this days not only in Poland, but also in the European Union. At present, in the National Register of COBORU there are five varieties of monoecious hemp grown in INF&MP: Białobrzeskie, Beniko, Silesia, Tygra and Wielkopolskie. These are varieties adapted to Polish climate and soil conditions. When applied for proper growing conditions, they ensure high and stable yields. In accordance with the requirements of the Drugs Act of 29 July 2005, which regulates the cultivation of hemp in Poland, all Polish varieties and breeding prospective families contain less than 0.2% of hallucinogens. Growing hemp does not require, as a rule, use of plant chemical protection, provides high yields, leaving the soil in a very good structure. The new varieties, technologies and cultivation of cannabis harvest to total mechanization and obtain the raw material for specific technological parameters, caused the hemp plant has become attractive for both agriculture and industry.
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