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This study concerns a new neogregarine parasitic in the great spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). The rate of infection was high, reaching 27.3%. There was no difference in the rate of infection of male and female beetles. The life-cycle stages of the pathogen were described by light and electron microscopy. Each gametocyst of the neogregarine included 8–16 actinocephalid oocysts measuring 11.19 ± 0.42 × 4.99 ± 0.25 μm. The described pathogen has the typical characteristics of members of the genus Menzbieria within the order Neogregarinida and it was identified as Menzbieria chalcographi. This is the first record of an infection of D. micans by M. chalcographi. Possibly, this pathogen could be useful for the biological control of this destructive bark beetle.
The study carried out an immunohistochemical investigation on the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the ostrich, (Struthio camelus camelus) using antibodies against serotonin, somatostatin-14, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), neurotensin, cholecystokinin (CCK). Serotonin immunoreactive cells were observed in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract except the gizzard. They were particularly abundant in the duodenum and ileum, whereas the presence of somatostatin 14 positive cells was restricted to the proventricularis and gizzard. Substance P immunoreactive cells were predominant in the stomach. By contrast, VIP, CGRP, neurotensin and CCK immunoreactive cells were not detected in the ostrich.
The existence of numerous neuropeptides in milk is well established. It is still unclear whether these neuropeptides are produced by the mammary gland or that the gland concentrates them from the general circulation. The aim of the study was to examine the possible localization of these neuropeptides in the mammary gland of guinea pigs at different physiological states by immunohistochemistry. Specific primers have been used for the somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin, cholecystocinin, oxytocin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone. Among all the neuropeptides that have been examined gonadotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin immunoreactivity were found in the mammary gland of lactating guinea pigs, but not in virgin and pregnant guinea pigs. Immunoreactivity was observed in the epithelial cells that compose the secretory alveoli and in the secretory material
This paper presents the ultrastructure and characteristic features of Nosema leptinotarsae infecting L. decemlineata collected in Trabzon (Turkey). Fresh spores are oval, 4.69 ± 0.19 μm in length and 2.43 ± 0.12 μm in width (n = 50). The spore wall is thick and measures 180 to 250 nm and consists of a clear endospore (130 to 170 nm) and an electron-dense, uniform exospore (50 to 80 nm). The polar filament is isofilar and has 15–16 coils. The well-developed polaroplast has a lamellated structure with thin lamellae. The ultrastructural features of Nosema leptinotarsae differ from those of other microsporidia infecting chrysomelids.
Background: ‪This study was conducted to determine acute effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) found in sports drinks, ingested just before an orienteering competition, on the levels of plasma IL-6 and IL-1β cytokine. Material and methods: ‪The study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind design, including 23 elite orienteering athletes who volunteered to participate. Following the collection of resting specimens of blood, the experimental group (n = 12) was administered a sports drink containing CHO-E, while the placebo group (n = 11) was administered 500 ml of plain water. The subjects were asked to finish the orienteering competition. Results: I‪L-1β level in the 24th hour after the competition was found to be significantly lower than in precompetition and 2 hours after the competition in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The IL-6 levels of the experimental group in the 24th hour after the competition were significantly lower than those measured at the end of the competition and in the 2nd hour following the competition (p < 0.05). In intergroup comparisons, no significant differences were detected in the IL-1β and IL-6 levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: ‪A drink containing CHO-E might have stopped muscle contraction-associated cytokine production by increasing the tissue stability of the muscles, compensating the loss of fluid and electrolytes from athletes’ bodies.
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