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The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of Egyptian artichoke against the hepatorenal toxicity of lead in male albino rats. Twenty three compounds were identified as volatile compounds of artichoke with benzaldehyde and selinene as major constituents, 19.97% and 16.80%, respectively. Four groups of rats were used, group 1 to serve as control, group 2 intraperitoneal injected with lead acetate (20 mg/kg b.w.), group 3 lead-injected rats given artichoke head extract with drinking water (1 g/L) and group 4 lead-injected rats given artichoke leaves extract. The experiment was continued for 30 days. The plasma total protein, cholesterol, urea and creatinine were determined. Activities of each of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) were determined. The level of plasma oxidation products of malondialdehyde was estimated. The histopathological changes were examined. Artichoke (leaves or head) co-treatment to the lead-administered rats attenuated the increase of ALT, AST, γ-GT activities. Also the change in cholesterol, urea, creatinine and protein levels was less marked. The values reported were near to normal. In addition, the morphological damage in the liver and kidney was reduced and the tissues appeared like those of controls. The present study suggests that, due to the presence of volatile constituents with antioxidative properties, artichoke may be useful in combating the damaging effect of lead toxicity.
Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting many plants but Mentha viridis L., and Mentha piperita L., were low in number of infestation. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the resistance of M. viridis and M. piperita plants against T. urticae by studying the external shape and internal contents of those plants. For morphological studies, dried leaves were covered with gold utilizing an Edwards Scan coat six sputter-coater. For histological studies, arrangements of Soft Tissue technique were used. For phytochemical studies, the plants were cut, dried and then high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used. While feeding the mites were collected from the area between oily glands, trichomes and respiratory stomata in both mint species. The most important leaf structures in aromatic plants are the oily glands found on the external part of the leaves (both upper and lower epidermis). The number of oil glands in M. viridis leaves was greater than in M. piperita; the trichomes on the epidermis of M. viridis were greater in number than in M. piperita; the spongy mesophyll in M. viridis was much thicker than in M. piperita. The essential oils in the leaves of both mint species contained 71 compounds representing 99.61% of the total oil constituents identified from M. viridis before infestation, and 90.95% after infestation, and about 99.65% from M. piperita before infestation, and 99.98% after infestation.
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