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Our research investigated the bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and Ni in the soil of Tatra Mountain National Park (Chochołowska Valley, Kościeliska Valley, Małej Łąki Valley, and Strążyska Valley). The content of Pb, Cd, and Ni was estimated using the ASA method with accuracy of 0.1 μg/g. Rudd's methodology was applied to estimate direct and indirect bioavailability of the metals in question. Ions of Pb in prevailing amounts occur in indirectly bioavailable forms of carbonates and organic compounds. Content of Pb and Ni as scarce particles is much higher in comparison to an average content of Cd in the soil. The amounts measured corresponding to 10 percentile and geometric mean can be used as a reference value in prospective research held in Tatra Mountain National Park or in other protected areas.
The object of our study was to estimate Pb content in the legally-protected plant Hacquetia epipactis, as well as stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), in the nature reserves laid in the border zone between Poland and the Czech Republic. The following forms of Pb reserves in soil were determined for biotopes of these plants: pseudo- total content and speciation forms, as well as soluble and insoluble forms in dust settled on leaves. Migration of Pb was analyzed from forms directly bioavailable (exchangeable and adsorbed) and indirectly bioavailable (organically bound and carbonates) in soil in the soil-rhizome system. We also assessed the migration of Pb in settled dust system – leaves. Research shows that H. epipactis has the ability to accumulate Pb in the form of exchangeable and adsorbed Pb from the soil and soluble forms Pb in settled dust on the leaves.
The mainly purpose of our study was to determine Ba in pharyngeal tonsils of children living in the influence of dust emission from power stations in the following regions in southern Poland: Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska, Upper Silesia, and Krakow. The concept of investigation was based on the fact of high levels of Ba in suspended dust emitted by power stations (about 800 μg/g). Moreover, these children are exposed to secondary emissions of Ba from soil dust (500-1,000 μg/g) during outdoor recreation. Ba concentrations in pharyngeal tonsils may be involved in indicating the pollution of some plants. Ba concentrations in pharyngeal tonsils were determined using the ACP-AES method. The characteristic feature of pharyngeal tonsils is their ability and high specificity of Ba accumulation from inhaled air. The average level of Ba concentration in tonsils was similar in all groups of children (0.03-0.09 μg/g) with the exception of boys from Jura Krakowsko Częstochowska – 0.22 μg/g. The differences of Ba content in pharyngeal tonsils measured as the maximum concentration range depends on sex and place of residence. Moreover, the interaction between Ba with other pollution elements was described.
Metoda analizy podobieństwa grupowego pozwoliła wyróżnić specyficzne interakcje pomiędzy metalami w zależności od rodzaju gatunku roślin, które determinuje podobieństwo ich współwystępowania w glebie, pyle osiadłym, opadzie całkowitym.
The objective of the research was to determine the effect of habitat type of selected species of trees on the nature of cooccurrence of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Co. The presence of speciation forms of these metals was investigated, with reference to the species composition of tree stands in selected areas of the Tatra Mountain National Park (Chochołowska Valley, Strążyska Valley, Kościeliska Valley, as well as Mała Łąka Valley). Contents of selected metals in samples were determined by the flame ASA method, with an accuracy of 0.1 μg/g. In habitats dominated by maples, the Pb content in the Chochołowska Valley, unlike Kościeliska Valley covered with beeches, the Pb content in the form directly bioavailable, was twice as high. This was clearly proved in the case of Strążyska Valley where the soil in beech tree habitats contained larger quantities of exchangeable forms of Pb, than that in the Chochołowska Valley. The soil of the valleys, including the Mała Łąka Valley, showed peculiar characteristic averaging of the contents of selected speciation forms of metals in the soil. Content corresponding to 10 percentile and geometrical average may be regarded as benchmarks in future studies of the Tatra Mountain National Park, or other protected areas.
Certain species of mushrooms, owing to their capacity to accumulate some bioavailable heavy metals such as Cd and Pb, can contain several-fold higher amounts of metals than the soil (speciation forms) in which they grow. It seemed noteworthy to undertake studies concerning the content of bioavailable forms of metals contained in the soil of mushroom habitats. The field part of our study was performed in forest ecosystems found in the Silesian and Żywiecki Beskid mountains as well as in the Silesian Upland region of southern Poland. Altogether, 147 mushroom habitats were monitored, with particular consideration paid to wild mushroom habitats. Metal content was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) at 0.01 μgMe/g precision limit. Measurement accuracy was verified using certified reference materials (Wzormat, Warsaw, Poland). Speciation analysis was performed according to a method described by Rudd. Our investigation has demonstrated differing capacities of various mushroom species to accumulate selected elements, depending on their occurrence form of bioavailable metals in the habitat. Certain mushroom species together with results speciation heavy metals in soil can be used to monitor metal levels, particularly those that exhibit significant correlations in the content of, for example, Co, Ni, Cr, or Pb.
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