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The studies were done on 30 heifers with synchronized oestrus. IFN-γ was found in sera of 4 heifers in luteal phase and in 1 heifer in follicular phase. Moreover, an increased level of serum haptoglobulin (Hp) and serum amyloid component (SAA) was found in 8 heifers in follicular phase. The presence of IFN-γ a proinflammatory cytokine may point to an active inflammation, whereas an increased level of Hp and SAA in oestrus could be connected with an approaching ovulation. It was also found that in pregnant heifers with a detected IFN-γ and TNF-α and an increased level of Hp and SAA retention of placenta and post parturient metritis was diagnosed.
In the reproduction of animals and humans, insulin-like factors (IGF-I , IGF-II) play a significant role. Among others, they stimulate growth of the ovarian follicle, embryo development, egg implantation and they inhibit cell apoptosis. In horses the implantation process and placenta development is partly regulated by IGF-I and IGF-II. Research was conducted on 18 mares during early pregnancy. The study has revealed the existence of some differences in the level of IGF-I and IGF-II. A significant increase of IGF-I in comparison to the preovulation period (311 ng/ml) was noted 12 h after ovulation (356 ng/ml), 72 h (328 ng/ml), 7 days (340 ng/ml) and at 35 (344 ng/ml) and at 55 (360 ng/ml) days of gestation. The concentration of IGF-II also increased but only at the 6th day after ovulation. The concentration of IGF-II before ovulation was 4.8 ng/ml and up until the 6 days after ovulation it ranged from 8.2 to 9.6 ng/ml. The differences in the levels of IGF-I and IGF-II before and after ovulation and during the pregnancy could result from the activation of an embryo genome and from the preparation of endometrium for implantation.
Quercetin, one of the major flavonoids, exhibits many beneficial effects on human organism as antihistamine, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral drug. It is recommended as suplement of healthy diet but still the knowledge of its beneficial effect on normal cells is not satisfactory. We decided to examine the effect of flavonoid on neurons morphology and their susceptibility to cell death. Fractal analysis of rat neurons revealed that 24 hours long incubation with quercetin diminished neuronal arborisation in cortical neurons. Neurons also appeared to be very sensitive to cell death after flavonoid treatment in concentration dependent manner. Over 50% of cells died after incubation with 15 μg/ml of flavonoid while 1 μg/ ml of quercetin induced cell death only in 5%. Staining with Hoechst 33342 and propidium ioidide revealed the two types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis. The number of apoptotic cells was comparable with necrotic ones. These results suggest toxic effect of quercetin on neurons what should be taken into consideration in further studies on using quercetin as therapeutic agent.
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid with pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative properties. In this study, we determined the sensitivity of neurons and neuroblastoma cells on apoptosis and necrosis induction upon quercetin treatment. No expression of Hsp72 was observed in neurons, which were more sensitive to cell death upon quercetin treatment than neuroblastoma cells, where Hsp72 expression was observed. Reduction of Hsp72 gene expression in neuroblastoma cells by antisense oligonucleotides made them more sensitive to pro-apoptotic action of quercetin. Moreover, the flavonoid decreased Hsp27, procaspase-3, MRP and PKB expression in neuroblastoma cells and in neurons. Nuclear localization of mainly cytoplasmic Hsp27 was observed in neuroblastoma cells after treatment with high quercetin concentrations, while in neurons, the protein was present in nuclei both in control and quercetin treated cells. Our results suggest that quercetin induce apoptosis more effectively in cells with low level of Hsp 72 expression. Higher sensitivity of neurons for cell death after treatment with high quercetin concentrations in comparison to neuroblastoma cell line should also be taken into consideration in further studies on using studied flavonoid as therapeutic agent.
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