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Nine rhizobial strains isolated from the root nodules of Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiata, V. mungo, Samania saman, Sesbania sesban, Leucinia sp., Prosopis cineraria and Medicago sativa were used to study their effects on root-infecting fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium u solani and Rhizoctonia solani. In dual culture plale assay, strains of Brudyrhizobium sp., and R. meliloti were found to inhibit radial growth of M. phaseolina. F. solani and R. soluni producing zones of inhibition, Brudyrhizobium sp., and R. meliloti either used as seed dressing or as soil drench significantly suppressed root-rot infection caused by M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani in okra, a non-leguminous crop under greenhouse conditions. Biomass of plants was also higher in the presence of rhizobia.
Seed dressing with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma koningii significantly (p<0.05) reduced infection of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani on cotton roots in pot experiments and in field. Combined use of P.aeruginosa strain CMG63 with T. koningii produced greater plant height and fresh weight of shoot in field as compared to CMG52 which showed better results in pot experiments.
Soil amendment with crustacean chitin used alone or with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis significantly (p<0.05) reduced infection of Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium solani on sunflower and R. solani on chickpea. Crab chitin used alone or wítfiř. aeruginosa or B. subtilis completely controlled the infection of Macrophomina phaseolina on chickpea. Prawn or shrimp powder used 1% w/w of soil was found phytotoxic on chickpea but not on sunflower. Maximum fresh weight of shoot was produced by P. aeruginosa used with shrimp powder in sunflower and with crab chitin in chickpea. P. aeruginosa produced greater plant height in chickpea used with shrimp chitin.
The complexes of Cu and Mn metals with carboxylates (pivalic acid and benzoic acid) and imidazole were prepared and characterized. The synthesized complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. The FTIR technique was used for characterization. The antibacterial assay revealed that the ligand and complexes are active against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida bacterial strains. The haemolytic assay revealed that [Cu(imi)(N₃)] and [MnIII(piv)(imi)(N₃)] were nontoxic, whereas [Cu(piv)(imi)] and [MnIII(Benz)(imi)(OCH₃)] showed moderate toxicity, and [Mn(Him)(N₃)₂] was highly toxic against human red blood cells (RBCs). Results revealed that Cu and Mn complexes with carboxylates (pivalic acid and benzoic acid) have antimicrobial activities. However, haemlytic assay revealed that the metal complex cytotoxicity was variable and biological activity evaluatuion of newly synthesized metals complexes is suggested for safe applications.
Modern techniques such as microwave treatment as clean and uniform treatment in textile processing have been used to make the dyeing process eco-friendly, plus time and cost effective. The present study is concerned with the effect of microwave irradiation on dyeing of cotton fabric using Reactive Blue 21 dye. Irradiated (RC) and un-irradiated cotton fabrics (NRC) were dyed using irradiated (RS) and un-irradiated (NRS) dye solution under various conditions. Optimal radiation parameters were used to explore dyeing pH, temperature, and time for getting darker shades. ISO standard of color fastness were applied onto cotton fabrics dyed under optimal conditions. We observed that microwave treatment of dye solution for 3 min. showed maximum colour strength onto irradiated fabrics at 60ºC for 30 min. in the presence of 2 g/100 ml salt as an exhausting agent. The suggested ISO method revealed that MW treatment improved the fastness to light, washing, and rubbing when different shades were made under optimum conditions. We concluded that microwave treatment has not only improved the dyeing behaviour of cotton but also enhanced the colouring characterization using Reactive Blue 21 dye.
Vegetables are considered a rich source of such antioxidants as phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamins, which are frequently added to stop the process of oxidation in processed food and biological systems. This work aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential of vegetable waste (garlic, onion, and cauliflower). The extracts of vegetable waste were prepared by two solvents – 80% methanol and 80% ethanol – and were appraised for their antioxidant potential. Total phenolic contents (TPC) of these vegetable waste extracts were in the range of 2.23-16.12 mg Gallic acid equivalents/gram (GAE/g) of dry weight (DW), while total flavonoids were in the order of 0.24-2.13 mg catechin equivalent/gram (CE/g) of DW. Maximum inhibition capacity and maximum scavenging activity was displayed by ethanolic extract of onion waste. The onion waste extract compared to others also showed high reducing power (1.27) as it had higher intensity of color. This analysis declares onion waste with maximum value of TPC, total flavonoids content (TFC), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), and the percentage of age inhibition.
This study focuses on evaluating total phenolic contents (TPC) in Taraxacum officinale (L.), a member of the family Asteraceae (compositae). The TPC were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent and gallic acid was taken as standard. The amount of phenolics was communicated as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The TPC varied from 41.47 mg/g to 691.6 mg/g in the Taraxacum officinale (L.) extracts. The maximum phenolic contents were found in hydro-alcoholic extract (691.6 mg/g GAE) in comparison with aqueous extract. These extracts have a significant role as antibacterial and antimicrobial agents.
This paper analyzes a phytosociological study and urbanization in Regi Model Township (RMT) in Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was conducted during spring 2015 and a total of 32 plant species were identified belonging to 19 families. The Asteraceae family had the highest number of species 5 spp. while Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Brassicaceae had 3 spp. each. Poaceae and Solanaceae had 2 spp. each, while Plantiginaceae, Malvaceae, and Caryophyllaceae had 1 spp. each. In zone 1, a total of 27 plant species were reported in which the Cynodon-Carthamus-Datura community was established on the basis of the importance value index. The soil of this zone was silty clay loamy in texture with a pH of 8.3, nitrogen 0.017%, phosphorus 7.4%, and organic matter (OM) was (0.34 ppm). In zone 2, a total of 23 plant species were reported, and the Xanthium-Parthenium-Cyperus community was established. The soil in this zone was loamy sandy with pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.020%,phosphorus 3.1%, and OM 0.04. In zone 3 a total of 21 plants species were reported and the Cynodon-Prosopis-Xanthium community was established. The soil in this community was silty clay loamy having a pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.034%, phosphorus 4.1%, and OM of (0.068 ppm)%. In zone 4, a total of 13 plant species were recorded and the Xanthium-Lepidium-Amaranthus community was established. The soil in this zone was silty clay loamy with a pH of 8.3, nitrogen 0.029%, phosphorus 6.2%, and OM 0.058%, and similarly in zone 5, a total of 11 plant species were recorded in the area where the Cynodon-Parthenium-Cyperus community was established. The soil in this community was loamy sand having a pH of 8.1, nitrogen 0.002%, phosphorus 3.1%, and OM (0.03 ppm). The construction work at RMT was causing the extinction of vegetation and there would be no more wild vegetation in the near future in that particular area.
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