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The aim of this study was to monitor the influence of proline and betaine exposure on antioxidant and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification system during cold stress in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Cold stress enhanced MG and lipid peroxidation levels in tea bud (youngest topmost leaf). This increase was resisted upon the exposure of tea bud to proline and betaine. Exposure of tea bud with proline and betaine also help in maintaining thiol/disulfide ratio during cold stress. Proline exposure enhanced glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, while betaine exposure increased only GR activity during cold stress. Furthermore, effect of proline/betaine was studied on glyoxalase pathway enzymes that are involved in MG detoxification and comprise of two enzymes glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Both proline and betaine showed protective effect on glyoxalase I and activating effect on glyoxalase II during cold stress in tea bud. This investigation, therefore, suggest that proline and betaine might provide protection to cold stress in tea by regulating MG and lipid peroxidation formation as well as by activating or protecting some of antioxidant and glyoxalase pathway enzymes.
A wide variety of waste resources are available on our planet. Egg shell waste is available in huge quantities from the food processing, egg breaking, and the hatching industries. Calcium plays a vital role in Neurospora crassa hyphal growth. Batch experiments have been performed using pure calcium salt as well as calcium in the form of pretreated egg shell waste in concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 g/l, under wheat branbased solid state fermentation by Neurospora crassa at 30ºC with initial pH 6.0. The present paper describes the utility of wheat bran and egg shell waste in cellulase production. The utilization of economically cheap and abundantly available egg shell waste for cellulase production could be a novel and valuable approach in solid waste management.
The influence of polyamines, polyamine inhibitors and ethylene inhibitors were tested in Coffea canephora for in vitro morphogenetic response and caffeine biosynthesis. Coffea canephora produced nonembryogenic and embryogenic calli. Somatic embryos were produced only from the embryogenic callus. Endogenous polyamine pools were estimated in these tissues. Somatic embryos were subjected to secondary embryogenesis under the influence of putrescine, silver nitrate and specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. Estimation of endogenous total polyamines revealed that embryogenic callus contained 11-fold more spermine and 3.3-fold higher spermidine when compared to non-embryogenic callus. Incorporation of polyamines resulted in 58% explant response for embryogenesis when compared to control with 42% response. Incorporation of silver nitrate resulted in 65% response for embryogenesis. Incorporation of polyamine biosynthetic pathway inhibitors DFMO and DFMA resulted in 83% reduction in embryogenic response with concomitant increase in caffeine levels by two-fold as compared to control. These results have clearly demonstrated that polyamines play a crucial role in embryogenesis and caffeine biosynthesis.
Some parts of the Indian Himalayan region are covered by established and abandoned tea bushes. Rhizospheric soils of these plants were studied for bacterial dominance and antagonism. Representatives of Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera were found to dominate the rhizosphere of established and abandoned tea bushes, respectively. Amongst the isolated species Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mycoides appeared to be closely associated with roots of established tea bushes while the rhizosphere of abandoned tea bushes was dominated by Pseudomonas putida. Four isolates of both B. subtilis and P. putida were selected on the basis of maximum antibacterial activity. The bacteriocin-like activity of B. subtilis and P. putida strains was detected to be active over a range of temperature 0-50°C and was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. Incubation of indicator strains with different concentrations of bacteriocin-like substances confirmed their bactericidal activity. Various species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas behaved antagonistically amongst themselves due to the production of bacteriocins under in vitro conditions.
Direct shoot bud induction and plant regeneration was achieved in Capsicum frutescens var. KTOC. Aseptically grown seedling explants devoid of roots, apical meristem and cotyledons were inoculated in an inverted position in medium comprising of Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:472–497, 1962) basal medium supplemented with 2-(N-morpholine) ethanesulphonic acid buffer along with 2.28 µM indole-3-acetic acid, 10 µM silver nitrate and either of 13.31– 89.77 µM benzyl adenine (BA), 9.29–23.23 µM kinetin, 0.91–9.12 µM zeatin, 2.46–9.84 µM 2-isopentenyl adenine. Profuse shoot bud induction was observed only in explants grown on a media supplemented with BA (26.63 µM) as a cytokinin source and 19.4 ± 4.2 shoot buds per explant was obtained in inverted mode under continuous light. Incorporation of polyamine inhibitors in the culture medium completely inhibited shoothoot bud induction. Incorporation of exogenous polyamines improved the induction of shoot buds under 24 h photoperiod. These buds were elongated in MS medium containing 2.8 µM gibberellic acid. Transfer of these shoots to hormone-free MS medium resulted in rooting and rooted plants were transferred to fields. This protocol can be efficiently used for mass propagation and presumably also for regeneration of genetically transformed C. frutescens.
Cauliflower curd has a relatively short postharvest life and develops unpleasant odour and browning within a short period. A few low-temperaturelinked attempts, with limited success, have been made. However, in most of the countries, it is not stored under cold temperature at practical levels. On the other hand, no study has been carried out to assess the senescence-related changes in cauliflower during postharvest storage. In this study, fresh cauliflower curds were treated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at three concentrations (100, 200, or 300 ppm w/v) and its effects on lipid peroxidation, membrane integrity, bioactive molecules, antioxidant activity, soluble sugar, etc. were observed during storage at ambient conditions. BAP profoundly delayed lipid peroxidation and loss of membrane integrity of the tissue, which was associated with the ageing and senescence processes. A positive effect of BAP on maintaining higher bioactive molecules (ascorbic acid and total phenols), antioxidant activity, and soluble sugar was also observed, which was decreased in control curds. A correlation among different quality parameters was also calculated. The results suggested that the maximum storability period for control curds was 6 days, while BAP treated (200 and 300 ppm) curds could be stored with optimal quality and enhanced antioxidant activity up to 12 days at 25 °C.
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