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The aim of the study was to evaluate the composition of the cyathostomin species (Cyathostominae) in horses kept in the housed-pasture system. Specimens were collected in 2009 from the feces of 14 horses after treatment with Grovermina (1% ivermectin). Among 21,371 specimens collected, 19 species of cyathostomins were found. The most abundant genera were Cyathostomum, Cylicostephanus and Cylicocyclus, which constituted 93.56% of the total Cyathostominae community. Cylicocyclus brevicapsulatus was found for the first time in Poland.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of large gastrointestinal parasites in horses, with the special focus on botflies from family Gasterophilidae as well as tapeworm Anoplocephala magna previously reported in Poland. 254 digestive tracts of 66 foals, born in 2009, 67 yearlings born in 2008, and 121 older horses were obtained from a slaughter-house near Krakow in 2009 and dissected. The horses were bred in small farms and sold mainly for economic profits. The history of horse deworming was unknown. Larvae of Gasterophilus intestinalis were the most common and found in 10.6% of the examined horses. Parascaris equonim was collected form 7.9% of the horse population, with the highest intensity of infection in foals and yearlings. The Oxyuris equi pinworm and Anoplocephala perfoliata tapeworm were observed only in two horses (0.8%), respectively.
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Hypoderma sp. - rzadki, nietypowy pasożyt koni

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Liczne gatunki muchówek (Diptera) prowadzą pasożytniczy tryb życia. Spośród nich trzy grupy są najpowszechniejsze i mają największe znaczenie chorobotwórcze u zwierząt hodowlanych i wolno żyjących. Są to muchówki należące do rodziny Oestridae, z podrodzin Gasterophilinae, Hypodermatinae i Oestrinae. W pracy opisano przypadek inwazji muchówek z rodzaju Hypoderma u koni utrzymywanych w klubie jeździeckim w okolicy Krakowa (Polska południowa), znajdującym się w bliskim sąsiedztwie gospodarstwa zajmującego się chowem bydła opasowego. Konie w wymienionym klubie są corocznie odrobaczane jesienią (październik), preparatem zwierającym iwermektynę. U dwóch koni stwierdzono obecność guzów, z otworami zamkniętymi śluzowo-ropną wydzieliną, na kłębie oraz zadzie. Larwy oznaczono jako II stadium gza – Hypoderma bovis. Występowanie larw gzów z tego rodzaju u koni może zmniejszać ich wykorzystanie w jeździectwie.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in foals from large stud farms during the first year of their life. Between the years 2005 and 2008, a total of 516 foals (211 Pure Blood Arabian [OO] and 305 Thoroughbred [XX]) from big herd farms were examined in order to determine the level of infection with intestinal parasites. Using the McMaster method with centrifugation foals in age groups: 1-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12-months-old were checked. To differentiate the strongyles (Strongylidae) larvae, the fecal cultures were done according to Henriksen and Korsholme. On the basis on the results the following parasites were found during the fecal examination: protozoan Eimeria leuckarti and nematodes: Strongyloides westerii, Parascaris equorum and Strongylidae. Only the presence of cyathostomins (Cyathostominae) were demonstrated. The infection with Eimeria leuckarti and Strongyloides westerii was greater among XX foals, whereas OO foals were more infected with Parascaris equorum and Cyathostominae. Among all infected horses, the mono-infections were dominant (69.9%). The type as well as the level of infection with the observed parasites depended on the age of the animal. The infection with Eimeria leuckarti and Strongyloides westerii was the highest among the youngest foals (up to 3rd month). However, in the case of protozoan, the level of infection decreased with age and the infection with whipworm was low in the entire period of research. Despite regular deworming, a high prevalence of infection with Parascaris equorum and Cyathostominae was observed and it grew with the animals’ age, reaching 26.3% and 43.9% among 10-12-month-old foals, respectively.
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Due to the growing popularity of reptiles as a household animals and the development of numerous reptile farms, they have become a common sight in veterinary clinics. As parasitic infections represent a serious problem among pet reptiles obtained by captive breeding and from pet shops, the purpose of the present study was to determine the species composition of parasites present in reptiles bred privately or in Cracow Zoological Garden, and those obtained from pet shops. Fecal samples collected from 91 reptiles (30 turtles, 40 lizards, and 21 snakes) were examined using the quantitative McMaster method. Parasite eggs or protozoan oocysts were identified in 59.3% of samples. These included the eggs of the Pharyngodonidae, Ascarididae and Rhabditoidea (Nematoda), and Trematoda, as well as oocysts of Isospora and Eimeria. In addition, pseudoparasites belonging to the Mesostigmata, Demodecidae and Myobiidae were found.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of intestinal parasitic infection in bison (Bison bison L.) in a private farm located in southern Poland. The prevalence of infection [%] and the faecal oocyst/egg output in OPG (oocysts per gram) and EPG (eggs per gram) were estimated on the basis of coproscopic examination. The results showed a high occurrence of coccidia (Eimeria spp.) – 68.2% (347 OPG), as well as nematodes – 65.9% (93 EPG), with the Nematodirus genus observed in 6.8% of the animals examined. Among other nematodes, Toxocara (Neoascaris) vitulorum was found in 6.1% (10 EPG) of the animals. Trichuris ovis and Strongyloides papillosus occurred rarely (0.8%). Tapeworms, Moniezia spp., were noted in 9.1% of the animals. The primary factor conducive to the spread of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in the herd were wet pastures created in dried fish ponds, where protozoan oocysts and helminth eggs had excellent conditions for development and infection. The small number of large quarters prevented their frequent rotation, which promoted the accumulation of parasites in all developmental stages in the environment and quick reinfection. Feeding animals directly from the ground may also promote infection. A single deworming procedure per year appears to be insufficient.
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of botfly (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae infection in roe deer populations (Capreolus capreolus) in the Kraków area on the basis of necropsy and questionnaire surveys. Hunters were surveyed about the age and sex of hunted animals, and the origin of their habitat. All parasite specimens were identified to species in the laboratory. The parasites were found in the nasal cavities, esophagus, and larynx of male roe deer aged 3–8 years, living in forest habitats. The level of infection was relatively low (13%), with the intensity ranging from 1 to 10 larvae per host. Although no fly larvae were found during the dissection of roe deer carcasses, the parasites received from the hunters were identified as Cephenemyia stimulator botflies. These findings are supported by the evidence drawn from the questionnaires completed by the hunters.
The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most acquired and, at the same time, the most common wetland game birds in Poland, occurring on the territory of almost the whole country. The habitat of this bird is constituted by most shallow water reservoirs, rivers, lakes and ponds situated in mid-fields. The aim of this study was to compare the composition of cestode and nematode fauna of the gastrointestinal tract of Mallards acquired from three different Polish ecosystems (BzuraValley, the area of Warta Mouth National Park and reservoirs around Szczecin). The research material was constituted by tapeworms and nematodes found in gastrointestinal tracts of 211 Mallards. Fixed slides of tapeworms stained with acetocarmine were made, and nematodes were cleared in lactic acid. 30 species of parasites were determined – 23 tapeworms and 7 nematodes. Differences were indicated between helminth faunas of Mallards from the whereabouts of Borów, Słońsk and Szczecin. The most helminth species were noted in the gastrointestinal tract of Mallards acquired near Szczecin, and the least from Mallards from the whereabouts of Borów.
Giraffes and camels are popular attractions at zoological gardens. In order to present the diversity of parasites infecting exotic ungulates from zoos, faecal samples from three giraffes and six camels from both the Silesian Zoological Garden in Chorzów, and Kraków Zoological Garden, were examined. The research was carried out over a ten-month period in 2013 and 2014. In total, 100 faecal samples from 18 animals were analysed with the use of the McMaster method. Moreover, coccidian oocysts were incubated to investigate their development and larvoscopic examination was conducted to detect the presence of nematode species. Giraffes were infected with coccidia from the genus Eimeria, and gastrointestinal nematodes from the Strongylida order, and Trichuris and Aonhotheca genera. One male giraffe was uninfected. The level of infection in giraffes was low when compared to camels kept in both of the zoos. Limited contact with other animal species contributed greatly to the lower level of infection in camels from Kraków Zoo than those from Chorzów, which were kept in the same enclosure as alpacas and Shetland ponies.
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The aim of the study was to determine the level of gastrointestinal parasites in a native breed of geese – Zatorska goose – based on coproscopic testing. Faecal samples were collected from 90 young geese in three age groups (5, 7 and 9 weeks old) in 2014. The geese were kept indoors on deep litter and pastured from spring to autumn. The area of the pastures around the buildings where the geese grazed was about 1 hectare, divided into quarters for different age groups. Before grazing, the birds were dewormed with fenbendazole (Fenbenat powder 4%, Naturan). As additional treatment for coccidiosis, coccidiostats were added to the feed. The study was conducted using the McMaster quantitative method with centrifugation (flotation liquid: NaCl and glucose). The birds were shown to be infected with coccidia and nematodes. The prevalence of Eimeria sp. infection (mean 40%) and the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (reaching 5,300 OPG) were highest in the youngest age group of geese. The level of Amidostomum anseris infection was similar in the three age groups, with prevalence from 40% to 50% (nematode egg output ranged from 50 to 350 eggs per gram of faeces, EPG). Capillaria anatis was observed only in 5- and 7-week-old geese.
The aim of the study, conducted in the years 2011–2013, was to determine the level of gastrointestinal parasites infection in New Zealand White rabbits, kept at the Experimental Station of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. The study showed rabbits protozoan infection with the genus Eimeria, belonging – based on the sporulation method – to the following species: E. magna, E. media, E. perforans, E. stiedae and E. irresidua. The highest prevalence of infection, as well as the intensity of oocysts output (OPG – oocysts per gram of faeces), was noted for E. magna and E. media – respectively 31.4 % (19477.3 OPG), and 40.0 % (14256.07 OPG). The infection of rabbits with Eimeria spp. differed significantly between years. With regard to oocysts output, the level of infection was strongly connected with the age of rabbits, being higher in young animals. However, the range of infection was highest among adults. Among nematodes, Passalurus ambiguus pinworm was regularly found (prevalence reached 21.9%), other species – Trichuris leporis, and Graphidium strigosum were rarely noted. The overall infection with nematodes did not differ between years. Similarly, as in the case of Eimeria older individuals were more often infected by nematodes. We observed some trends in parasite oocysts/eggs output; the protozoan oocysts were recorded more often in faecal samples collected in the evenings, whereas the nematodes eggs occurred frequently in the mornings. This situation may be related to the phenomenon of coprophagy occurring in the mammals of Lagomorpha order. The results of the study indicate that especially coccidiosis constitute permanently throughout the years an important problem in the rabbitry examined.
The study describes the parasitofauna of red deer Cervus elaphus from Kraków area (southern Poland). The study was done in years 2011–2012 and included altogether 6 animals. Five deer originated from the forest areas (hunted) and one came from the urban site (it died in a road accident). In addition to post-mortem examination, coproscopic analyses with sporulation were performed to define Eimeria species diversity. The deer were infected with four species of nematodes: Ashworthius sidemi, Spiculopteragia spiculoptera, Oesophagostomum venulosum and O. sikae, and two species of coccidia: E. elaphi and E. austriaca. The level of parasitie infections was low, but the results indicate the important role of deer as possible transmitter of A. sidemi to other ungulates in examined area.
The present paper focuses on three species belonging to the family Hippoboscidae: Hippobosca equina, Lipoptena cervi and L. fortisetosa – haematophagus ectoparasites typical of cervids. In Europe, the forest flies (H. equina) are observed mainly in horses and cattle, but the primary host of this parasite is the red deer (Cervus elaphus). The host group of deer keds Lipoptena sp. include different ruminant species belonging to Cervidae (moose, red deer, sika deer, fallow deer, roe deer and maral) and Bovidae family (mouflon, european bison, cattle, sheep and goat). Furthermore, some species of carnivores (European badger, dog and red fox) can be accidental hosts. The presence of adult hippoboscid flies in the environment shows strong seasonality. One or two generations of H. equina occurs from May to October. The alate forms of univoltine Lipoptena cervi and probably multivoltine L. fortisetosa appear from August to September, and from June to September, respectively. During warm autumns, both species can be observed in late October, or even November. Hippobosca equina and Lipoptena cervi are native species, unlike the foreign L. fortisetosa. This Asian species was noted in Europe for the first time in the 1960s, and has rapidly spread in numerous countries. The most probable way of L. fortisetosa introduction to Europe was translocation via host (probably sika deer), or natural dispersion throughout Eurasia. Therefore L. fortisetosa should be treated as an alien invasive species in Poland and Europe. Interest in these three neglected dipteran species has increased after reports of their veterinary and medical importance. All these parasite species are able to attack humans. Bites of these insects are considered painful, cause skin lesions with the presence of characteristic persistent pruritic papules, and, in extreme cases, may result in an anaphylactic reaction. Hippoboscids can play a role in the transmission of bacterial pathogens, including Anaplasma and Bartonella genera, dangerous for humans and animals. Permanent and intensive attacks on humans, during the seasonal mass occurrence of these parasites, can hinder forestry work, as well as harvesting, recreation, and hunting activities in forested areas.
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